Secondary Language
Explain the etiology of ASD.
90 to 95% uncertain causes
5 to 10% secondary to primary diagnosis
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down Syndrome
Identify the components of a complete assessment
case history
interview
observation
testing
follow up
____ Extent to which participants and/ or rater scores are free from error
______ An overall evaluation of the extent to which theory and empirical evidence support interpretations that are implied in given uses of the SCORES
Reliability
Validity
Explain why SLPs should not use high levels of prompts, modeling, and scaffolding during a language sample
may inflate their natural language capabilities
Identify a primary characteristic of ASD.
1. Poorly developed social skills
2. Difficulty with expressive and receptive communication
3.Presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors
approximately 2/3 of individuals with down syndrome experience___
hearing loss
Identify the three types of observation.
Analog tasks
Naturalistic
Systematic
Explain when interpreting norm referenced assessments why we need to understand/know the characteristics of the reference group.
Necessary to attend carefully to the nature of the norm or reference group when interpreting the results (proper interpretation requires knowing what the scores are being compared against)
Accurate interpretation can only be made if the characteristics of the norm group are known and understood
Identify the five components of reliability and validity in language sampling
objectivity
productivity
intelligibility
representativeness
reactivity
Describes an individual with ASD's pragmatic language.
•Repetitive and stereotypical behaviors
•Nonverbal communication cues
•Joint attention, perspective taking, comprehension monitoring ability, and social interest
•Discourse management
Identify and explain the three types of hearing loss.
Conductive : When sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear
Fluid in your middle ear
Structural
Sensorineural: Inner ear damage
Problems with nerve pathways
Most common type of permanent hearing loss
Mixed
Explain the difference between norm referenced and criterion referenced assessments
N R : Standardized tests designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another
CR: Standardized tests that measure an individual's performance against a set of predetermined criteria or performance standards (e.g., descriptions of what an individual is expected to know or be able to do at a specific stage of development or level of education).
How many utterances or words should you have in a language sample.
100 utterances or 350 words
Name four analyses you can use on a language sample
total word count
type token ratio
MLU
New word countName the three types of Down Syndrome and identify the most common type.
Trisomy 21:most common
Translocation
Mosaic
Explain the syntax and morphology of an individual with hearing impairment
•Understand and create shorter and simpler sentences
•Often cannot hear word endings such as -s or -ed. This leads to misunderstand- ings and misuse of verb tense, pluralization, and possessives, as well as nonagreement of subjects and verbs
Provide an example of norm referenced and criterion referenced
It is like being in a class where the instructor grades on a curve (each student’s grade depends on how others in the class did on the exam)
Grading scale of 95 to 100 = A
Describe the purpose of a language sample
Assess
utterance length
complexity
articulation
narrative skills
perspective taking
comprehension
imitation
direction following
Identify and describe the two computer analysis softwares used to transcribe language samples.
SALT
Code morphemes in transcripts in order to perform analyses such as MLU.
Indicate the presence of fillers, repetitions, abandoned utterances, and intelligible segments, which are automatically excluded from analyses.
Codes can be used to mark different errors (e.g., [EO:___] for overgeneralization errors or [EU] for utterance-level errors).
Users can automatically compare the performance of their clients to a built-in comparison database for similar-age children (ages 2–18 years) in the same context (play, conversation, narrative, expository, or persuasive).
SUGAR
§Not a standalone software but rather a protocol for using Microsoft Word
§Coding is minimal and requires only that SLPs add spaces between specified morphemes and line breaks before clauses.
§Transcribers omit filler words, repetitions, and reformulations, meaning that these extraneous words do not need to be specially coded to be excluded from analyses.
§SLPs can compare their client's performance on SUGAR analyses to values from adult–child conversation samples from children ages 3–7 years (Pavelko & Owens, 2017).
§Encourages the use of process questions and narrative elicitations, which are intended to increase the language complexity children use during conversation.
§Describes its comparison database in the most detail. Pavelko and Owens (2017) reported race and parent education data for each age band in their sample, which includes 270 fifty-utterance samples from children ages 3;0–7;11 across a single sampling context (adult–child interview) and 55 children in the age band for our cases (4;6–4;11).
Describe an individual with Down Syndrome's cognitive and language characteristics
•About 80% with moderate intellectual disability
•Poorer language comprehension, reduced mean length of utterance (MLU), and reading difficulty
Explain the connection between oral motor and speech abilities in individuals with Down Syndrome
•Speech production may be related to differences in oral structure and function
•a small oral cavity with a relatively large tongue and a narrow, high arched palate.
•Missing, poorly differentiated, or additional muscles characterize facial structures, and differences in nerve innervation
•Poor speech intelligibility through dysarthric factors such as reduced speed, range of motion, and coordination of the articulators.
Identify the components we should think about when selecting an assessment
Age
medical background
diagnoses
developmental level
culture
first language
concerns
previous testing
Describe appropriate materials for a language sample
trains
dolls
play food
kitchens
mr potato head
wordless books
What netflix tv show did I stay up way too late to watch and finish this weekend?