Chapter 5
The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your
attention.
unconsciousness.
consciousness.
alertness.
consciousness.
When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is
operant conditioning.
primary reinforcement.
Skinnerian conditioning.
classical conditioning.
classical conditioning.
The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is
encoding.
storage.
retrieval.
sensation.
encoding.
According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in dreams is the ____ of the dream.
latent content
symbolic content
factual content
manifest content
latent content
Which of the following statements regarding stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination is CORRECT?
The more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus discrimination
The more dissimilar the new stimulus is from the original CS, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization
For stimulus discrimination to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus
For stimulus generalization to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus
For stimulus discrimination to occur, the organism needs experience with both the original CS and the new stimulus
Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because
the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.
people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
In Pavlov's principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone, the salivation would be the
conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned response.
Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams, but once he started, he found that he was able to accurately recall the information he had learned. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory is
encoding.
storage.
retrieval.
rehearsal.
retrieval.
Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?
Geometric shapes
Nonsense syllables
Common English words
Uncommon English words
Nonsense syllables
Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander
has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
is currently in REM sleep.
has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different
levels of reality.
levels of awareness.
streams of awareness.
streams of consciousness
levels of awareness.
If a child covers her ears when seeing fireworks, before hearing the sound of them, seeing the fireworks would be a(n)
unconditioned response.
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is
the triarchic level of encoding.
the semantic level of encoding.
attentional encoding.
dyadic encoding.
the semantic level of encoding.
The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their "watching" reinforced on
a fixed-ratio schedule.
a variable-ratio schedule.
a variable-interval schedule.
a fixed-interval schedule.
a fixed-interval schedule.
As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain-wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.
slower; higher
faster; higher
slower; lower
faster; lower
slower; higher
In general, research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body temperature are
negatively correlated.
positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
positively correlated.
positively correlated.
The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a period of rest is called
disinhibition.
reconditioning.
stimulus generalization.
spontaneous recovery.
spontaneous recovery.
Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of
the primacy effect.
levels of processing.
the serial position effect.
clustering.
Clustering
Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as
semantic memory.
declarative memory.
implicit memory.
episodic memory.
episodic memory.
Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is
similar to the material to be remembered.
dissimilar to the material to be remembered.
unrelated to the material to be remembered.
similarity of the materials does not seem to affect retention.
similar to the material to be remembered.
Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.
more apt; just as
less apt; less
less apt; more
more apt; less
more apt; less
In the 1930s, learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by
Ivan Pavlov.
John Watson.
B. F. Skinner.
Edward Thorndike.
B. F. Skinner.
Research on hypnosis most clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report
more correct information.
more incorrect information.
less confidence in their memories.
accurate past-life events.
more incorrect information.
While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first, Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ____ for his saying "trick or treat."
conditioned stimulus
reinforcement
reward
discriminative stimulus
reinforcement
Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on
a variable-interval schedule.
a fixed-ratio schedule.
a fixed-interval schedule.
a variable-ratio schedule.
a variable-interval schedule.