Tissues
Name four adult tissue types. Include an example of each.
Connective Tissue- joint capsules, tendons & ligaments, fat
Muscle- cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle
Nervous- brain & spinal cord
Epithelial- skin, glands, air sacs in lungs
John sustained a severe injury during football practice and is told that he has a torn knee cartilage. Can he expect a quick, uneventful recovery? Explain your response
No, cartilage is avascular so it does not contain a blood supply.
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints? What are examples?
Synarthroses- immovable, sutures
Amphiarthoses- slightly moveable joints, pubic symphysis is an example
Diarthroses- freely moveable joints, and synovial joints are examples.
What is the name of the condition where bones become weak and brittle?
Osteoporosis
Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?
Keratinocytes
How is epithelia nourished?
It receives nutrients from the underlying connective tissues
What are the mature cells called? What is the vascularity of cartilage?
Chondrocytes & they are avascular
What is the structure of a synovial joint?
The structure of a synovial joint includes articular cartilage, synovial fluid, synovial membrane, joint capsule, and ligaments.
What type of bone cells are responsible for breaking down and resorbing bone tissue?
Osteoclasts
The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action.
Apocrine gland
What is ground substance? What are the 3 connective tissue fiber types? What four cells are found in connective tissue?
Ground Substance- is a gel-like material that contains interstitial fluid
Fiber types- collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
Cell types- fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, adipocytes
What type of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones and provides a smooth surface for joint movement?
Articular cartilage
What are some common injuries associated with synovial joints?
Common injuries associated with synovial joints include sprains, strains, dislocations, and arthritis.
Hormonal regulation is important. Describe the negative feedback loop between some of the main hormones of bones.
PTH is produced in response to low blood calcium levels
Calcitonin is produced in response to high blood calcium levels.
What are the layers of the skin on the sole of the foot from deep to superficial?
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granolosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
Compare & Contrast muscle cell types with their functions, locations, and structures.
Skeletal- multinucleate with striations, found in muscles that are attached to bones to help ambulate
Cardiac- uninucleate with intercalated discs to help facilitate heart beats
Smooth- uninucleate, found all along the digestive system to help move food stuffs through the body
What are the 3 types of cartilage? Where are they found, and what is the function of each?
Hyaline- tips of long bones, nose, larynx, ribs and supports and reinforces
Elastic- found in the ear & epiglottis and help maintain shape and structure while allowing flexibility
Fibrocartilage- found in intervertebral discs and function to have great tensile strength to allow absorption of compression
Joint movements may be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial. Define what each of these terms mean. What is an example of each axis?
Nonaxial- only gliding, intercarpal
Uniaxial- movement in one plane. hinge/pivot joints. The hinge is elbow pivot is radioulnar joint
Biaxial- movement in 2 planes. examples include condylar, and saddle. The saddle joint is your thumb. Condylar is metacarpophalangeal
Multiaxial- movement in all planes, ball and socket joints. Examples include hips and shoulders
What are the 7 functions of bone?
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral & growth factor storage
5) Hematopoiesis
6) Triglyceride storage
7) Hormone production
Describe the pigments and alterations that can be indicative of disease.
Melanin- reddish yellow to brownish black
Hemoglobin- pinkish hue in fair skin
Carotene- yellow to orange
Cyanosis- blue skin color, low oxygenation
Pallor- pale color due to anemia, low BP, fear, anger
Erythema- redness due to fever hypertension, inflammation, allergy
Jaundice- yellow skin due to liver disorders
What are the types of epithelial tissues with their locations and primary functions?
Simple Squamous- found in the air sacs of lungs and primarily functions in rapid diffusion of gasses
Simple Cuboidal- found in kidney tubules and function in absorption and secretion
Simple columnar- non-ciliated found in digestive tract, ciliated found in the bronchi and function in absorption and secretion of mucus
Stratified Squamous- found in the skin and areas that are exposed to the outside world. Keratinzed is found in the skin and functions in protection and waterproofing. Non-keratinized are found in mucus membranes like the mouth and function in protection
Transitional- found in the bladder and function is stretch and recoil
Pseudostratified columnar- found in the trachea and functions in secretion and propulsion of mucus
What is the name of the protein that makes up the majority of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?
Explain the different angular movements synovial joints move in.
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
Extension: increases the angle of the joint
Abduction: movement along the frontal plane, away from the midline
Adduction: movement along the frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction: movement in a circular motion
Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Describe the steps of endochondral ossification.
1) Bone collar forms around diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
2) Cartilage calcified in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities
3) The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
4) The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification center appears in the epiphyses
5) The epiphyses ossify
Dean, a 40-year-old aging beach boy, is complaining to you that although his suntan made him popular when he was young, now his face is all wrinkled, and he has several darkly pigmented moles that are growing rapidly and are as big as large coins. He shows you the moles, and immediately you think “ABCD.” What does that mean and why should he be concerned?
The ABCD rule is a rule that helps detect skin cancer early on.
A- asymmetry
B- border irregularity
C- color
D- diameter
His moles seem to break all the norms in the above categories. He should be concerned that he has one or many cancers in his skin.