Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia leads to
Osmotic diuresis
insulin promotes fat storage in the adipose cells
Insulin activates lipoprotein lipase in the capillary walls of adipose tissue to release FA
Insulin promotes glucose transport into fat cells --> a-glycerophosphate --> glycerol portion of fats
Insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase in adipose cells
Immunity and inflammation purpose
send cells to fight inflammation
A woman was severely burned and she has been in the hospital for eight days.
Question:
Why would she be developing: Weight loss?
she is going through hypermetabolic response
A patient with a history of diabetes reports to the nurse that he has been under increased stress. The patient's blood glucose is elevated from previous baseline and the patient states he has an infection on the left foot. The nurse understands that these stress responses are primarily related to:
A. Cortisol
B. ADH
C. Epinephrine
D. Angiotensin II
A. Cortisol
Which of the following is the appropriate route of administration for insulin?
A. Intramuscular
B. Intradermal
C. Subcutaneous
D. Intravenous
C. Subcutaneous
Diabetes mellitus Types and which is insulin dependent
Type I - insulin dependent
Type II - non-insulin dependent (insulin resistance)
Describe the manifestations of acute inflammation, including diagnostic testing.
Manifestations:
Inflammation is the body's physiologic response to injury.
Protective process designed to remove the cause of injury and promote healing
Response is similar, regardless of the source of cellular injury
Leukocytes: WBCS
granulocytes: Neutrophils (engulf bacteria thru phagocytosis, eosionophils (trigger inflammation response in allergies, basophils (contains heparin which prevent blood clotting, mast cells release histamine.
-monocytes--> macrophages
erythema rubor (redness)
edema tumor (swelling)
warmth calor(heat)
dolor(pain)
functio laesa (loss of function)
Malaise
Some causes:
Immune response to infectious microorganisms
Trauma
Surgery
Caustic chemicals
Extremes of heat and cold
Ischemic damage to body tissues
Inflammation occurs with infection, but inflammation often occurs in the absence of infection
Inflammatory response and immune response are linked, but they are separate physiological processes
Infection triggers the immune response and the inflammatory response
Immune response is first line; primary defense system
Inflammatory response aids in removal of pathogen and promote healing
example: Infection: bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) gains entry to body of a susceptible host and replicates; causes damage to host tissues
Immunity: body produces cellular and antibody responses to attack and destroy bacteria
Inflammation: body sends signals to other systems that help is needed to remove the bacteria and heal any damage done by the bacteria
A woman was severely burned and she has been in the hospital for eight days.
Question:
Why would she be developing: Increased temperature?
She has an infection she is trying to fight off
In which of these patients could the acute stress response have the greatest risk of aggravating existing health problems?
A. Patient who had gallbladder removed
B. Patient who is schizophrenic and off medication
C. Patient with a fractured femur
D. Patient with history of cardiac disease
D. Patient with history of cardiac disease
What is active acquired adaptive immunity?
Immunity obtained through exposure to the illness or through immunizations
What is the longterm damage of High Blood Glucose?
Damaged blood vessel, Retina damage Kidney damage Nerve damage Heart attack Stroke
Etc.
Infection and Immunity describe all you know
Infection: Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues
May be unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response
Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and parasites
Immunity: Physiologic response that provides defense and protection against foreign substances that lead to disease
Immune system is complex system of cells, tissues, and organs that work together within a dynamic communication network to protect the body from attacks by foreign antigens, typically proteins
A woman was severely burned and she has been in the hospital for eight days.
Question:
Why would she be developing: GI bleeding?
She has ulcers in her GI system
A nurse obtained a client's pulse and found the rate to be above normal. The nurse document this findings as:
A. Tachypnea
B. Hyper pyrexia
C. Arrythmia
D. Tachycardia
D. Tachycardia
What is passive acquired adaptive immunity?
What is passive immunity?
Short term immunity resulting from directly administering full antibodies to a patient for an antigen
short term immunity using antibodies produced outside the body; injection with ready made serum of antibodies or passed from mother to baby though the placenta
What are the short term effects of High blood glucose?
Dehydration and Hypovolemia
Contrast acute vs chronic inflammation.
Acute inflammation
- short duration; nonspecific early response to injury
Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting tissue damage
Chronic inflammation
Longer duration lasting for days to years
A recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or a low-grade smoldering response that fails to evoke an acute response
Which of the following cell types is more likely to have arisen from a stem cell in an adult?
A. Muscle
B. Bone
C. Epithelial
D. Neural
C. Epithelial
Rationale: Epithelial cells such as skin, organ lining, and vessel lining cells are constantly being replaced.
Hormones secreted by Islets of Langerhans
A. Progesterone
B. Testosterone
C. Insulin
D. Hemoglobin
C. Insulin
normal blood level
hypoglycemia
normal blood level 80-90 mg/dL)
: Below normal glucose levels (< 45 mg/dL, but symptoms start at 60 mg/dL, counterregulation starts at 67 mg/dL)
Hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia?
People with Type 1 diabetes have two symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes a week and at least one disabling episode per year.
2-4% of those with type 1 diabetes die of hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia with type 2 diabetes is not as common but can become more likely as therapy becomes more involved.
What is the difference between local and systemic inflammation?
Local- five cadinal signs (redness, edema, pain, loss of function, heat)
Systemic - peripheral blood leukocytosis, fever, increase antibodies, increased ESR and CRP levels
Decreased estrogen stimulation after menopause causing endometrial lining changes
Atrophy
Integrated endocrine and neural response to hypoglycemia
The anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and pancreatic islets participate in the main endocrine components of the response.
The hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system participate in the neural components of the response.
Each component acts to restore the plasma glucose concentration to normal.