Piaget
What is an organized way of thinking or interacting with the world
Schema
According to Vygotsky, what is the difference between what a child does alone and what the child can do with help?
the zone of proximal development
What do developmental psychologists study?
changes in physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth throughout the lifespan
Which type of psychologist insists that psychologists should avoid mental explanations ?
Behaviorist
Which of these is an example of a primary reinforcer ?
Water to drink
What is assimilation?
means applying an old schema to a new object or problem
Erik Erikson’s stages of human development dealt with which of the following ?
Social and emotional conflicts
If you were conducting a cross-sectional study of development, what would you do?
Compare people of different ages at the same time
What did B. F. Skinner mean by “shaping"?
Teaching a behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to it
If you want to make a punishment more effective in deterring a behavior, what should you do ?
Make the punishment quick, consistent, and predictable
Modifying a schema to fit a new object
Accommodation
How did Bandura and colleagues get children to vigorously attack a “Bobo” doll ?
The children watched someone else attacking the doll
A longitudinal research study of development examines what?
One group of people, repeatedly as they grow older
On a continuous schedule of reinforcement, when does reinforcement occur ?
After every response
What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other ?
They both strengthen a behavior
What was the order of stages in Piaget’s theory of development ?
Sensorimotor—preoperational—concrete operations—formal operations
In the “Strange Situation” that Mary Ainsworth devised, psychologists evaluate a child’s reactions to which of the following ?
The presence or absence of the mother and a stranger
What does the term cohort mean?
The people who were born during a particular time
Suppose a video game gives you points for every tenth hit. Which schedule of reinforcement is this?
Fixed-ratio
What is the procedure for extinction in operant conditioning ?
Stop providing positive reinforcement
Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characteristic of infants ?
The sensorimotor stage
Many adolescents silently believe “Tragedy may strike other people but not me,” and “I will succeed in all my ambitions.” What term did David Elkind use to characterize these and similar beliefs ?
Personal fable
Two important methods psychologists use to study infant development are
sucking and eye gaze
Behavior modification is a practical application of what ?
Operant Conditioning
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer ?
Money