Ch.9
Define and give an examples of Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic: motivated by internal factors. Extrinsic: motivated by external rewards.
What are good ways to promote memory retrieval?
priming, retrieval cue
If I only look for feedback that will support what I already believe to be true, this is known as?
Confirmation bias
Positive or Negative? The punishment of a response by the ADDITION of an unpleasant stimulus.
Positive
What is it called when unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make room for functioning connections and cells?
Synaptic pruning
__ is the effect of unpleasant stressors, but __ is a positive effect/or an optimal amount of stress.
Distress; Eustress
Chunking and maintenance rehearsal help with what?
retaining information you learn
Identifying the best solution to a problem based on many options would be ___ thinking.
Convergent
What is the difference between reinforcers and punishers?
Reinforcers strengthen a behavior and punishers weaken a behavior
At what age generally do children enter the ‘concrete operations stage’ in Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
7
Which motivation theory is composed of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness?
Self-determination theory
What are some reasons we forget?
didn't pay attention in the first place, adaptive forgetting, etc.
What is the term used to describe individuals judging the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to the prototype in their minds?
Representative heuristic
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus
What theory emphasized the role of others and the importance of social and cultural interaction in cognitive development?
Lev Vygotsky’s Theory
Explain the 3 elements of emotions
Subjective experiences, physiological responses, behavioral responses
What are the key differences between implicit and explicit memory.
Implicit (non-declarative) is not consciously recalled, skills and action learned through experience. Explicit involves conscious recall of facts and events.
What is a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of their typical functions?
Functional fixedness
Give an example of a negative reinforcement.
Example 1: Buckling your seatbelt to avoid car ‘dinging’. Example 2: Taking away a child's chore because they kept their room clean all week.
Give an example of scaffolding.
An experienced bowler helping an inexperienced bowler develop a sick strike technique
What is conflict? And what are the 3 different approaches?
Being pulled to two or more desires/goals, only one of which may be attained.
Approach-approach, avoidance avoidance, approach-avoidance.
Explain the 3 step process of memory
Encoding: set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form usable in the brain’s storage systems
Storage: holding onto information for periods of time
Retrieval: getting info in storage into a form that can be used
___ is a sudden perception of a collusion to a problem (an “Aha!” moment).
Insight
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. Double points if you can give an example of an experiment that exhibits this
Vicarious conditioning
What term is used to describe mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations and events? Double points if you can give an example
Schema.