lesson 7
everything from 20 seconds ago to as far back as you can remember. ( consist of explicit and implicit memory)
LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM)
different type of short term and long term memory.
sound, meaning, image.
AUDITORY CODING
SEMANTIC CODING
VISUAL CODING
The bayesian inference explain how semantic knowledge biases episodic memories
prior, liklihood, inference
Temporarily holding and processing new information before transferring it to other areas of the brain for permanent storage
Covernts short term memories into long term memories by organizing, storing and retrieving memories within your brain.
The role of short term memory in the hippocampus
acquires information and transforming it into memory
“Studying” stimuli = encoding
“Remember these words I am about to show you” “look at these pictures”
Things happening during this is called “....” “at study” or “study phase”
encoding, during encoding
(shows how stimuli at the beginning of sequence (primary effect) and the end of the sequence (recency effect) are better remembered)
When you include a delay (which prevents participants from relying on short term memory) the recency effect will go away.
SERIAL POSITION CURVE
Represents the meaning of information & retains longer than visual or auditory coding.
Recent events: visual auditory and semantic memory still available
Remote events: visual auditory memory is likely gone, Butr semantic memory more likely to remain.
semantic coding
older adults are more likely to be bais by semantic knowledge
aging
Virus damage bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL including the hippocampus
PATIENT EP
the period of time between encoding and retrieval
Also known as maintenance
Span everything from immediately after encoding, to your entire lifespan
retention
memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning of a lost (cause: words that cause more attention are better encoded into long-term memory)
PRIMARY EFFECT
A cognitive process in psychology where visual information is converted into a format that can be stored and retrieved in the memory.
It involves the transformation of sensory input from the eyes into mental representation of objects, images, and spatial relationships
visual coding
people remember things as being more in line with their stereotypes than what actually happened.
sterotypes
Surgery for intractable epilepsy removed hippocampus
Similar effect on memory as EP
Probably the best known and most impactful patient in the history of neuroscience.
PATIENT HM
: recalling or recognizing retained information encoded previously
Test: Being tested on stimuli
“What were the words I showed you earlier?” “Do you recognize this picture?”
Things happening during this are called “...”, “at test” or “test phase”
retrieval, at retrieval
thought to be driven by short term memory, most recent info in the short term memory (cause: how people process and store info in short term memory, because it is easy to grab and be found)
RECENCY EFFECT
A type of explicit memory
Memory for a specific personal experience “remembering”
Involved “mental time travel”
Can feel like relieving
episodic coding
surrounding medial temporal lobes is required for creating on new episodic memories
support STM for high resolution complex information
Ex: things that can’t be coded semantically
support all types of complex high resolution memory
Any episodic memory that feel like relieving
Any STM memories that required very complex information
hippocampus
They both experience severe memory impairment due to damages to critical brain structure, particularly in the medial temporal lobe.
The difficulties with semantic memory general world knowledge facts and concepts can be linked to specific causes
Their semantic memory difficulties was damage to the medial temporal lobe, partially the hippocampus and surrounding structures along with impaired connectivity to the neocortex especially in the anterior temporal lobe.
What is the likely neural causes of EP and HM semantic memory difficulties
recall and recgnition are
types of retrieval
Representing the auditory information directly
STM: mentally replying a sound you just heard
LTM: mentally replaying a sound you heard a long time ago
auditory coding
A type of explicit memory
General knowledge facts
Does not involved “metal time travel”
Usually can’t remember where and/or when you learned it
Example: when I was a kid cocoa puffs were my favorite cereal
Congruent Example: how you typically remember things: winter is cold, dessert comes after dinner
semantic memory (knowledge)
Memories of specific personal experience with detail like time, place, and context, by integrating information from different sensory modalities and essentially acting as the “hub” for creating a detailed representation of an event within a specific context
The hippocampus plays a key part in organizing memories in the context in which they were experienced.
The role of Episodic memory in the hippocampus
Three main stages of memory processing
encoding, rentention, retrieval
retrieval in the absence of the stimulus to be remembered
Involves a search process for information
RETRIEVAL CUES: any stimulus that aids retrieval of the memory, can help with recall
recall