Chapter 5
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
Müller-Lyer
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
stimulus discrimination
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
semantics
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.
implicit
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit’s friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn’t know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
attention
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
Cognition
Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
optic
Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?
inattentional blindness
In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
learned
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
A. associative
B. instinctive
C. processual
D. reflexive
associative
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?
lexicon
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don’t have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won’t forget it. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
Perception; sensation
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.
conditioned response