Learning 1
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associative
Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory.
semantic
In Pavlov’s well known experiment with the dog, salivation is ________.
either the conditioned response or the unconditioned response, depending on the phase of the experiment
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change the word “sensory” to the word “acoustic”
Edward Thorndike’s ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.
law of effect
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
A. what the word January means
B. the smell of your grandmother’s perfume
C. how to use the microwave
D. your first day of school
D
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.
implicit
H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.
hippocampus
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
flashbulb memory
Richard is teaching his son, Cody, to throw darts. At first, he gives Cody a piece of candy each time the dart hits the dartboard. As time progresses, Richard starts only rewarding Cody when the dart hits one of the inner rings of the dartboard. Finally, Richard only rewards Cody when he hits the bullseye. This example best illustrates the concept of ________.
shaping
Brad and Angie fell in love one summer when Brad used to bring his golden retriever to play in the park where Angie liked to jog. The sight of a golden retriever always makes her think about Brad. But today, as Angie ran in the park, she saw a Labrador retriever, and she immediately thought about Brad. This is an example of ____________
stimulus generalization
Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can’t remember where.
absentmindedness
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
A. training a rat to jump across a two-foot span between platforms by gradually moving the platforms apart and rewarding each successful jump, until the rat is able to jump two feet
B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
C. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables
D. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
D.
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
spontaneous recovery
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?
A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day.
B. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
C. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is.
D. John Doe typically has good days, but is starting to forget simple things like where he put his keys.
B
In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of
the misinformation effect.
“Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally” (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of
a mnemonic device.