2 years: Biosocial
This is a custom in which parents and their children sleep in the same room.
What is co-sleeping?
Babies have an ability to perceive linguistic differences that adults cannot. This is?
What is universalist?
This is shown when children cling and cry to their caregiver when the caregiver is about to leave
What is separation anxiety?
The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa
What is lateralization?
This is the ability to organize and prioritize thoughts
Allows anticipation, planning, and strategizing
What is executive function?
This refers to the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
What is emotion regulation?
What are neurons?
When someone looks at another person's eyes to see where they are looking, and then looks at the same thing
What is gaze-following?
This is a development when a child realizes that they are distinct from others; the idea of "me"
This is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate
What is the corpus callosum?
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
Theory-theory
This occurs when we are motivated by an external reward, like money or social capital
What is extrinsic motivation?
This is a coating on axons that speeds up transmission of signals from one neuron to another
What is myelin?
Would a baby look for a longer time or a shorter time at something they don't expect?
What is a longer time
This refers to inborn differences in terms of emotions, activity, and self-regulation
What is temperament?
This refers to the ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior
What is impulse control?
What is theory of mind?
This is the progression of types of play from 1-5 years
This is a brain area that is involved with strong emotions, especially fear
What is the amygdala?
Humans are born with a basic understanding of physics, nature, etc.
What is core knowledge?
This type of attachment is when an infant avoids connection with a caregiver; characterized by fear, anger, or indifference
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
This is a characteristic of young children, in which they stay stuck in one thought or action for a long time and are unable to be flexible
What is perseveration?
This skill (usually not a socially desirable skill) is improved by theory of mind
This type of play requires elevated executive function and helps children explore social roles, practice theory of mind and social awareness, and develop self-concept
What is sociodramatic play?
These are experiences that are needed for brain growth, because brains expect them
What is experience-expectant growth?
This memory is not verbal and is often unconscious; includes motor and emotional memories
What is implicit memory?
Infants do this when they consult emotions or information from other people (e.g., by observing facial expressions)
What is social referencing?
The relationship between stress and memory
Medium stress during encoding - improved memory
Stress during retrieval - reduced memory
These are 4 limits to logic discussed by Piaget
What are egocentrism, appearance-focus, static reasoning, and irreversibility?
This type of parenting involves high warmth/low control - discipline is relaxed and parents view themselves as friends ("I'm a cool mom!")
What is permissive parenting?
These are motor skills that involve small, detailed tasks
What are fine motor skills?
Explain each stage and sub-stage of sensorimotor development
- Stage 1: reflexes
- Stage 2: coordination of reflexes
Secondary circular reactions
- Stage 3: responding to people/objects
- Stage 4: deliberate and purposeful responses; object permanence
Tertiary circular reactions
- Stage 5: active experimentation
- Stage 6: mental combinations, deferred imitation
This theory postulates that early experiences are important because beliefs, perceptions, and memories make them so, not because they're buried in the unconscious or burned into brain patterns
What is cognitive theory?
These skills (coordinating body movements) improve a lot during early childhood, and their development depends on playing with other children
What are gross motor skills?
When children see a substance change form (e.g., water being poured into a shorter container) and assume that the amount changes
What is conservation?
This type of parenting is low warmth/high control - parents are strict, demanding, and little is communicated.
What is authoritarian parenting?