Diabetes
Why is NPH insulin considered high risk for hypoglycemia?
peak 4–12 hours after administration
This hormone lowers serum calcium by inhibiting calcium release from bone.
What is calcitonin?
The most dangerous physiologic consequence of untreated SIADH occurs in this organ system.
What is the central nervous system
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus differs from central DI because ADH is present but this organ cannot respond.
kidneys
The A1c percentage diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
6.5% or greater
These drugs lower glucose by causing glycosuria but increase the risk for UTIs and dehydration.
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors?
The small fraction of calcium outside bone is essential for these two physiologic processes.
nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction/relaxation
Urine in SIADH is typically described as this type
concentrated
Despite increased thirst, patients with DI continue to lose fluid because of this failure
What is inability to concentrate urine
Mg²⁺ 0.9 mg/dL with ventricular dysrhythmias
hypomagnesemia
Regular insulin is given at 0730. When should the nurse ensure the patient eats to prevent hypoglycemia?
0800–0830 (onset 30–60 minutes)
A serum magnesium level below this value defines hypomagnesemia.
1.3 mg/dL
Despite hyponatremia, the kidneys excrete sodium in SIADH because of this compensatory response
attempt to reduce water retention
The most common sodium imbalance associated with untreated DI
hypernatremia
Why does creatinine matter when interpreting electrolyte abnormalities
renal clearance affects lab accumulation
Why is NPH considered one of the highest-risk insulins for hypoglycemia?
Because it has a pronounced, unpredictable peak
This chronic condition is one of the most common causes of hypomagnesemia
chronic alcoholism
The earliest manifestation of SIADH is usually seen in this system
neurologic system
hich acid-base imbalance is most likely if severe dehydration occurs in DI
metabolic acidosis from volume depletion
K⁺ 2.8 mEq/L with flattened T waves
hypokalemia leading to dysrhythmias
Which insulin can be mixed with regular insulin but must be drawn after it?
NPH (“clear before cloudy”)
Hypomagnesemia frequently occurs alongside decreased levels of these two electrolytes.
potassium and calcium
Headache, confusion, and restlessness in SIADH are caused by this pathologic process
cerebral edema
Excessive thirst is referred to by this clinical term
polydipsia
Mg²⁺ 3.1 mg/dL with absent reflexes and hypotension
hypermagnesemia