Lymphatic System
Absorbs digestive fats and deliver fatty lymph to the rest of the body
A type of defense that uses internal barriers like phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins
What is 2nd line innate defense?
This immune response is essential for combating intracellular pathogens, eliminating cancerous cells, and coordinating immune responses against foreign substance
What is cellular immunity?
The amount of air that always remains in the lungs. Needed to keep alveoli open and prevent lung collapse.
What is residual volume (RV)?
Crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces consuming bacteria, dust, and debris
What is alveolar macrophages?
Remove pathogens from food/air
What is tonsils?
(bonus 100 point: name an example)
Proteins secreted in response to antigen by plasma cells, bind temporarily to target cell, marking them for destruction by phagocytes
What is antibodies?
Coats pathogen surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis
What is opsonization?
Important for surface tension and keeps alveolar sac open, coats gas-exposed alveolar surface, lipids and proteins
What is surfactant?
(Bonus 100 points): What cell type secretes surfactant?
This type of hypoxia leads to the lack of blood flow and difficulty in oxygen arriving to the tissues
What is ischemic hypoxia?
Active and largest through pre-adolescent, stops growing during adolescence (atrophies through adulthood), produces T cells
What is the thymus?
Activate B and other T cells, help all innate defensins
What is helper T cells?
This antibody class helps stops pathogens from attaching to epithelial cell surfaces
What is IgA?
Pressure in alveoli, changes as we breath in/out, will equalize with atmosphere
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure exerted by each gas mixture (proportional to % mixture)
What is partial pressure?
Where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated
Hint: Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, and tissues
What is secondary lymphoid organs?
Can destroy cells with foreign antigens INSIDE cell (HUNTERS) (deliver lethal hit by releasing perforins and granzymes through exocytosis for apoptosis)
What is cytotoxic T cells?
A type of immunity that is temporary and occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into body (gives antibodies that our body does not produce)
What is passive immunity?
(200 Bonus points: give me an example of natural and artificial passive immunity)
The law that describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas?
Hint: Smaller container = greater pressure
What is Boyle's Law?
The maximum air contained in lungs after maximum inspiration
(Bonus 100 points): Give the equation
What is total lung capacity?
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
What are the functions of the spleen
Lymphocyte proliferation
RBC graveyard
Stores RBC remnants
Stores platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
Engulf antigens and present fragments of them like signal flags on surfaces so T cells recognize them
What is Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?
tell me the steps of inflammation
1. Inflammatory chemicals are released by injured or stressed tissues
2. Vasodilation of local arteries and increased permeability and blood flow
3. Phagocyte mobilization (first neutrophils, then macrophages to injured)
On the O2-Hb dissociation curve when it shift to the right what happens?
increased temperature, increased CO2 (acid), and decreased pH
On the O2-Hb dissociation curve when it shift to the left what happens?
decreased temperature, decreased Co2, and increased pH