Microbes
if i have circular DNA, ribosomes, and a peptidoglycan wall, what am i classified as
bacteria (prokaryote)
Both viruses and parasitic protists require a host to survive and reproduce. Explain one major biological difference between them that affects how they are treated medically.
Viruses lack their own metabolism and use host cell machinery, making them difficult to target without harming host cells. Parasitic protists are cellular and have their own metabolic pathways, so drugs can target structures like ribosomes or enzymes unique to them.
fungi are considered plant like eukaryotes. T/F why?
what hypotheses matches with what
____________ = gradual drying.
______________= repeated stranding.
pond - bed
splash
A student argues: “Just because mitochondria have their own DNA doesn’t prove they came from bacteria. The cell could have simply evolved a way to store extra DNA inside the organelle.” Using at least two specific pieces of evidence, explain why the endosymbiotic theory is a stronger explanation than the student’s claim.
The endosymbiotic theory is stronger because mitochondria not only have their own DNA, but that DNA is circular, which is characteristic of bacteria rather than eukaryotic nuclei. In addition, mitochondria contain ribosomes that are similar in size to bacterial ribosomes, not eukaryotic ribosomes. They also replicate independently through a process similar to binary fission. These multiple bacterial traits together make common ancestry with bacteria a more logical explanation than simply evolving extra DNA storage.
what type of horizontal gene tranfer requires one bacterium to lyse for DNA to be taken by another
transformation
which type of cycle for viral infection is more dangerous? Why
lysogenic - its harder to detect and doesnt produce as wide spread symptoms (sleeper agent)
what is the reproductive structure in a mushroom
the part we see the mushroom above ground
This group of plants lacks vascular tissue, depends on water for reproduction, and has a dominant gametophyte generation.
bryophytes
what protist would make a good source of biofuel? why?
algae - photosynthesize and produce large amounts of lipids. These lipids can be converted into biodiesel. Algae grow rapidly and can be cultivated in water, reducing the need for agricultural land. This makes them a potentially efficient and renewable energy source.
A bacterium is found in most patients with a stomach illness, but it is also found in some healthy individuals. Researchers isolate it and grow it in pure culture. Based only on Koch’s First Postulate, does this evidence fully support that the bacterium causes the illness? why?
No. Koch’s First Postulate requires that the microorganism be found in all diseased individuals and not in healthy individuals. Because the bacterium is also found in healthy people, the first postulate is not fully satisfied, so causation is not definitively proven.
A virus infects liver cells. Viral particles are continuously produced for years. The host cells are not immediately destroyed, but chronic inflammation eventually damages the liver.
What infection strategy is this virus using?
persistent virus
what is the main differences mychorrhiza and lichen mutualistic relationship with fungi
lichen - fungi provide structure and protection to photosynthetic organism
mychorrhiza - fungi increase water and mineral absorption for plant
A newly discovered fossil plant has vascular tissue and true roots but reproduces with spores and requires water for fertilization. The sporophyte is the dominant generation.
Which major plant group does it most closely resemble?
seedless vascular plants
In a tropical region, scientists develop a drug that targets rapidly dividing cells in the human bloodstream. The drug reduces malaria symptoms but does not eliminate the disease entirely. Months later, infections return in some patients without new mosquito exposure. Using the biological characteristics of protists, explain why the drug reduces symptoms but may not completely eliminate the malaria infection.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, a protist with a complex life cycle involving multiple stages in both humans and mosquitoes. In humans, the protist infects liver cells before entering the bloodstream and infecting red blood cells. A drug targeting rapidly dividing cells in the bloodstream may reduce symptoms by killing the blood-stage parasites. However, if some stages remain hidden in liver cells or exist in dormant forms, the infection can return. The protist’s complex life cycle and ability to exist in multiple stages make it difficult to completely eliminate.
give me some ways prokaryotes are beneficial to society
ferementation, bioremediation, commensalism and mutualism
what virus causes Varivella zoster
latent virus
fungi are great decomposers as they recycle nutrients for the soil, what are some human benefits they provide. Try to be specific
Food (mushrooms, yeast)
Fermentation (bread, beer)
Medicine (antibiotics like penicillin)
Biotechnology and enzymes
This flower structure contains the ovules, develops into fruit after fertilization, and is part of the carpel.
ovary
If this tissue is damaged, sugars accumulate above the injury site while roots starve below it.
phloem
A patient stops taking antibiotics once they feel better. Explain how this behavior increases the risk of antibiotic resistance.
When a patient stops taking antibiotics early, some bacteria may survive the treatment. The most susceptible bacteria are killed first, but more resistant bacteria may remain. These surviving bacteria reproduce, passing on resistance traits, which increases the proportion of resistant bacteria in the population through natural selection.
what vaccine contains specific piece of germ
subunit vaccine
why is green algae protist group most closely related to plants
Similar chlorophyll types
Cell wall composition (cellulose)
Similar reproductive traits
Genetic similarities
Two closely related flowering plants live in the same habitat.
Species A produces heavy, fleshy fruits eaten by birds.
Species B produces tiny, dry, winged seeds.
Explain how these differences reduce competition and increase biodiversity within the same environment.
Species A uses animal-mediated dispersal
Species B uses wind dispersal
Why this reduces competition:
They disperse seeds to different locations.
They reduce direct competition with the parent plant.
They occupy different ecological niches.
They use different dispersal vectors
This allows coexistence in the same habitat.
Different dispersal mechanisms increase spatial distribution patterns and reduce overlap between offspring populations. That promotes species diversity within ecosystems.
what are two types of seedless vascular plants
Lycophytes and Pterophytes