Horizontal Gene Transfer
This method uses naked DNA uptake.
What is transformation?
In generalized transduction, bacterial genes are transferred in a ___ way.
What is random?
HIV commonly gains diversity through accumulation of these.
What are point mutations?
Bacteria can resist drugs by pumping them out through this mechanism.
What is an efflux pump?
Heat-loving bacteria are called this.
What are thermophiles?
This reagent is used to make bacterial cells competent for transformation.
What is calcium chloride?
In specialized transduction, transferred genes are usually ___ to the prophage insertion site.
What is specific / adjacent?
SARS-CoV-2 is a ___ sense RNA virus.
What is positive?
Enzymes that break down antibiotics are often carried on these mobile genetic elements.
What are plasmids?
Salt-loving microbes in hyperosmotic environments are called this.
What are halophiles?
This HGT method requires a phage.
What is transduction?
One sign a cell is in the lytic cycle is measurable host DNA ___.
What is degradation?
Baltimore classification depends in part on genome type, strandedness, and this.
What is polarity?
A point mutation can directly cause this resistance mechanism.
What is an altered antibiotic target?
This structural adaptation helps acidophiles reduce proton permeability by altering their membrane composition.
What is branched-chain fatty acid synthesis?
When the F plasmid integrates into the chromosome, the donor cell becomes this.
To tell generalized from specialized transduction, you would sequence the ___ carried by released phages.
What are host genes / bacterial genes?
HIV uses this enzyme type, while SARS-CoV-2 uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
What is reverse transcriptase?
A plasmid can carry degrading enzymes, altering enzymes, and this membrane-based resistance mechanism.
What is an efflux pump?
If outside solute concentration is higher than inside the bacterium, water will move __ of the cell.
What is out?
In F’ conjugation, this kind of plasmid is transferred.
What is an F′ plasmid
Generalized transduction happens without this event, while specialized transduction depends on it.
What is integration into the host chromosome?
The transfer of mutations from HIV to its viral offspring in a patient is what kind of gene transfer?
What is vertical gene transfer?
Some antibiotic side effects happen because antibiotics can affect these ribosomes in human cells.
What are mitochondrial ribosomes?
Acidophiles regulate internal pH partly by actively transporting these out of the cell.
What are protons?