Intro to Subsistence
This theory states that physical surroundings influence human culture and society.
What is environmental determinism?
This term, AKA hunter-gatherers had been around for a long time. In fact, it was up to this point that all humans were foragers.
What is 12,000 years ago
These are the three environmental conditions that usually result in the need for pastoralism.
What are poor soils, arid environments, and extreme temperatures?
This describes when people generally marry within their own identity group.
+100 if you can name and explain the opposite practice as well
What is ethnic endogamy?
Clan exogamy - When one is required to marry outside of their community
These three features describe horticulture
What is limited technology, small garden plots, and high botanical complexity?
This theory states that culture develop through many diverse ways as opposed to one universal sequence.
What is multilinear evolution?
This concept describes a flexible social organization where foragers periodically split to gather resources and then join together again to share abundance of resources accumlated.
What is fission-fusion?
This is the usual kinship organization of pastoral cultures.
+200 if you state why this kinship organization usually occurs AND what wealth is tied to in these cultures
What is usually patrilineal or patrilocal?
This describes when one expects that through marriage they will gain property, wealth, or other possession from parent's of spouse.
What is anticipatory inheritance?
This reciprocity type gives and expects something in return
Balanced reciprocity
These are the three categories of social inequality proposed by Morton Fried 1967.
+300 if you can describe all three.
What is egalitarian, ranked, stratified
Egalitarian - No great differences in status/power; as many valued position as people
Ranked - Substantial differences in status/prestige; Basic resources accessible to all; Redistribution by chiefs
Stratified - Large differences in wealth/status/power based on unequal access to resources and positions of power
This describes the custom of inheriting names by alternate generations
+200 if you name the cultural group we covered in class who practices this and why it matters
What is "Namesake" relationships?
The Ju/'hoansi and because it creates a joking relationship
This theory proposes that when humans share finite space and resources, they will act in short-term, self-interested ways.
+100 if you name who proposed this and what year
What is the tragedy of the commons.
Proposed by William Forster Lloyd in 1833
These are the three stages of the Nuer wedding ceremony, including important concepts and processes in each.
What is betrothal, wedding, and consummation.
Betrothal - Ceremony at bride's homestead, groom gives cattle, "best man" negotiates further exchanges and wedding date
Wedding - Ox slaughtered and feast at bride's homestead
Consummation - Bride anointed in butter and head shaved, then another ox sacrificed for morning feast
These are the marriage arrangement, marital system, pre-marriage and post-marriage practices of the Achuar-Shiwiar.
What is cross-cousin preferred, polygyny, brideservice and matrilocal
These are the four political systems described by Elman Service.
+400 if you can describe all four
What is band, tribe, chiefdom, and state?
Band - Small, loosely organized kin-based group where all members are related via kinship or marriage; egalitarian and informal leadership
Tribe - Larger, kin-based group with common language, culture and descent; (semi)permanent villages; egalitarian and acephalous; shared identity throughout different communities
Chiefdom - System with hereditary leader who holds central authority; ranked, permanent villages, horticulture, large populations, redistribution of goods by chief
State - Autonomous political units with social stratification and a formal government, private property, division of labor, (globally recognized) legal system, can break out of previous population limits, monopoly on legitimized use of force
This theory, proposed by Marshall Sahlins in 1966, argues that riches do not come from acquiring materials, but by having needs that are easily met
What is The Original Affluent Society?
This describes when part of a community moves seasonally.
What is transhumance?
These are the three types of alternate marriage in Nuer culture and explanations of each.
Levirate - When husband passes away, a surviving brother will marry the widow
Ghost marriage - A tradition where a living woman marries a deceased man whose role of providing are filled by a living kinsman
Woman-woman marriage - An arrangement where a woman pays bridewealth to marry another woman
This is the descent group practiced by the Tikopia and who inherited the chief position
The Ramage; the eldest son
This is three out of four problems with Service's Political System with explinations
1. Ideal types - Generalized culture in misinformed way that is oversimplified or dethatched from empirical evidence
2. Evolution and "progress" - Putting social organizations on hierarchy is subjective at most, but holds no real authenticity
3. Defined by lack - Holds societies without industrializations in light that only focus on what they don't have as opposed to showing what both societies lack
4. Too simple to account for diversity of human societies - Straight forward.
This leadership structure is defined by having no power over others, leadership being contextual, play role of advisor, and leaving decision up to consensus.
What is informal leadership?
The concern of Nuer cosmology.
+200 if you can name what they're linked to
What is their relationship with different spirits?
Relationships linked to totem
The Neur practice this political organization in their society and break up in segmentary lineages broken into how many segments (you must name the three for points)?
+300 if you can describe the political organization and describe the segments.
Acephalous; three including minimal, minor, and major
Acephalous society - No rulers or centralized authority
Minimal segment - All people who share a patrilineal great-grandfather
Minor segment - All people who share a more distant ancestor
Major segment - Share an even more distant ancestor
Name at least six attributes that describe the Melanesian "Big Man"
Man of renown/center man, status achieved, following spans multiple villages, influential rather than powerful, power relies on success of polygyny, affirms status through performative reciprocity, gains power through giving gifts in Moka, can't enforce obligation, in constant competition, needs to hold feast every 5-10 years