Ch. 5 - Integument
What are the differences between thick and thin skin?
Thick skin has all 5 epidermal strata, a very thick strata corneum, sweat glands, and no hair follicles. Found on the palms and soles.
Thin skin has 4 epidermal strata (no strata lucidum), sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. Found everywhere else on the body.
What are the main types of bone cells?
Osteoblasts - Build Bone
Osteocytes - Maintain ECM
Osteoclasts - Break Bone
(Osteogenic Cells - Differentiate into osteoblasts)
What would happen to a bone with a deteriorated inorganic matrix?
The bone would not be able to resist compression.
What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis - No movement
Amphiarthrosis - Small amount of movement
Diarthrosis - Freely movableWhat does pallor mean?
Pale, white skin
What are the layers of the dermis and what structures do they have?
Papillary Layer - Dermal Papillae, Capillaries, Tactile Corpuscles
Reticular Layer - Blood vessels, Sweat glands, Hair, Sebaceous glands, and Lamellated corpuscles
Where is bone marrow found?
Medullary Cavity & Spongy Bone
(Red or Yellow depends on bone & age)
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
What type of tissue is a symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
What does the nail matrix do?
Contain actively dividing cells
What are the types of hair?
Lanugo - Thin, nonpigmented hair of fetuses
Terminal Hair - Thick, coarse, & pigmented hair (on our heads)
Vellus Hair - Thin, nonpigmented hair found all over the body
What does calcitonin do?
Decreases osteoclast activity & Decreases osteoclast formation; Increase blood calcium levels.
What are canaliculi?
Cytoplasmic extensions from osteocytes to connect osteocytes & lacunae together to enable nutrients & oxygen to reach all osteocytes.
What type of motions do we perform during eating?
What type of glands do we find in our armpits, that produce odor due to bacteria metabolizing.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Describe the rule of nines
A method to estimate the percentage of body surface that is affected by a burn, where the body is divided into 11 areas of 9% (with the genitals being 1%).
During bone repair, what is the soft callus filled with?
Regrowing blood vessels, fibroblasts, chondroblasts, collagen fibers
How does longitudinal bone growth occur?
Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide, die, calcify, and then ossify, as they move farther away from the plate towards the diaphysis.
What supporting structures would we expect to see in a shoulder?
Tendon - Attaches muscle to bone
Ligament - Attaches bone to bone
Bursa - Synovial fluid-filled structure that minimizes friction
Tendon Sheath - Long bursa that surrounds some tendons
What fibrous joints are there?
Sutures - Fuse the skull
Gomphosis - Connects teeth to jaws
Syndesmosis - Long membrane that allows bones to pivot around one another
How does skin play a role in thermoregulation?
Vasodilation & Secretion of sweat glands to decrease body temperature
Vasoconstriction to increase body temperature
During endochondral ossification, what happens after chondroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts?
Osteoblasts ossify the external surface to form a bone collar & internal cartilage calcifies and chondrocytes die.
During intramembranous ossification, what happens after osteoblasts are developed?
They secrete organic matrix, which calcifies, and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Biaxial joint where articulating surfaces have convex and concave regions that complement each other.
Saddle Joint
What are the layers of hair from deep to superficial?
Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle, Epithelial root sheath*, Dermal root sheath*