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Cephalocaudal
Head to Tail
What is gross motor development?
Sequence of motor skills are the same for all infants. Large individual of variation of ability to perform motor skills within children. Rate of development is not strongly related to future developmental outcomes.
At birth, brain associated with what function is is most developed?
Biological. Primary motor areas and primary sensory areas mature first.
What are the causes and correlation of physical growth?
Heredity, Hormonal influences, Endocrinology of growth- Pituitary gland releases growth hormone, stimulates production of estrogen , testosterone, and androgen. Emotional well-being, nutrition, infectious diseases.
What is the adolescent sleep pattern?
require 8.5-9.25 hours of sleep per night. There ends up being a change of sleep pattern,
Proximodestal
Near to Far. Internal organs followed by limbs.
Fine motor development?
Development of voluntary reaching. pre-reaching is replaced with voluntary reaching.
What is the cerebrum?
Consists of 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.
What are the genetic influences?
Timing and tempo are largely inherited. Twin Studies. Upper and lower age limit, not an absolute. Hormonal influences.
What was the theory for research before the 70's?
Adolescence was a time of "storm and stress". However 3/4th of adolescents had a positive relationship with family.
What is the anterior Fontanelle?
The soft spot that allows for brain growth.
What is the ulnar grasp and the pincer grasp?
Ulner- whole arm and claw like
Pincer- Index finger and the thumb.
Handedness doesn't start being showed until pre-school?
What are the 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?
Left- Right side of the body; speech, hearing, verbal, decision making and positive emotions.
Right- Left side of the body; visual, spacial information, music, touch, and negative emotions.
Lateralization increases with age.
What are genetic and environmental influences?
Nutrition and health.
Early.
Better nourished during infancy and childhood.
Delays puberty.
History of protein and/or calorie deficiency.
Chronic Illness and excessive exercise.
Effects of parent-child relationships.
Adolescents who had parents who are warm and involved but firm and consistent had advantages over those who were not.
What is physis? What does it do?
The growth plate. Is complete by 18 years of age.
What is neural development?
A brain growth spurt. Neurons are most present at birth, can serve any neural function and form synapses with other neurons.
What is brain plasticity?
Cells are responsive to experience. In infants and young children, parts of the brain are not yet specialized.
They recover better from brain injury and language recovers better than spacial skills. Still has problems with complex mental skills. Older children and even adults have some plasticity.
What will accelerate stress?
Level of stress,family conflict, marital issues, emotional distance in the family, and sociobiology.
what is the cerebrum and the cerebral cortex?
The higher brain centers
What is muscular development?
Born with all muscle fibers. Increase in density and size particularly during the growth spurt in adolescence. Develop at different rates.
Developmental Processes
-Neurogenesis
-Synatopagenis
-Myelination-Formsaround the tail of neuron
-Synapse Elimination (AKA Synaptic pruning) makes brain more efficient. (Lemurs)
What are the sensitive periods in brain development?
Stimulation is vital when brain is growing rapidly.
Experience- Expectant and Dependent growth.
What is the secular trend?
Children have been getting larger, heavier, and maturing more more rapidly in industrial societies than in the past. Attributed to better nutrition, sanitation, and disease control.
What is timing and tempo?
Timing is when it happens.
Tempo is the rate that it happens.