Nervous System
Why is the cerebellum important?
"It is important in exercise and sports because it is involved in the regulation of muscle coordination during the execution of motor movements and also helps to coordinate balance and normal posture."
What are muscle spindles and what do they do?
Proprioceptors in skeletal muscle.
Monitor stretch and length of muscle. Initiate contraction when muscle is stretched.
What is autorhythmicity?
Ability of cardiac muscle tissue to
initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals.
What is pulmonary respiration?
Movement of air in and out of the lungs or breathing.
Vasodilation is?
Vasoconstriction is?
Vasodilation: increase in radius of vessels (less resistance to flow, increase blood flow to tissues)
Vasoconstriction: decrease in radius of vessels (more resistance, forcing blood flow to other tissues)
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal.
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy: increase in the size of the muscle, or its constituent fibers
Hyperplasia: increasing the number of their fibers
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps blood to the aorta.
What is cellular respiration?
use of oxygen in aerobic metabolism and production of carbon dioxide (within tissues).
Cardiac output is caused by two things, what are they?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
Describe the size principle?
Actin and myosin are ____ _____ in muscle
contractile, proteins
Endurance training adaptations: ____ stroke volume, without an _____ in max heart rate; ____ decreased heart rate at any given intensity.
(Increase or decrease)
Increase, increase, decrease.
During exhalation, the diaphragm _____, ______ intrapulmonic pressure.
relaxes, increasing
During maximal exercise, the vast majority of cardiac output is redistributed to what part of the body
Skeletal muscles
The central nervous system is made up of (3)?
Brain, spinal cord and interneurons.
What are golgi tendon organs and what is there main function?
Proprioceptors in the tendon. Main function is to monitor and respond to tension in the tendon.
Performance of endurance training causes a ____ in blood pressure at rest and during submaximal work, which is one factor that helps to increase stroke volume.
decrease
Why would the deoxyhemoglobin curve shift to the right?
Increase in temperature (exercise)
Increase in Acidity (exercise)
What is the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen?
ratio of pulmonary ventilation (VE) to oxygen (VO2): VE/VO2
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of (2)?
Motor (efferent) Neurons and Sensory (efferent) neurons.
What happens when calcium is released into the sarcoplasm?
"The release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol results in the binding of Ca++ with the troponin C component of the troponin molecule, which in turn initiates a conformational change of the troponin–tropomyosin complex, pulling the tropomyosin off the active site."
During activity, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and precapillary sphincters are used to _____ blood flow to active skeletal muscle and _____ blood flow to inactive tissue.
increase, decrease
During heavy exercise (beyond ~50%–60% of peak oxygen consumption), there is a disproportionate (you ventilate more air to get 1 L of oxygen) increase in pulmonary ventilation relative to the increase in exercise intensity. The major factor typically used to explain this disproportionate increase in pulmonary ventilation is an increase in ______ and ______ because the exercise intensity is above lactate threshold.
plasma lactate and H+ concentration (increased acidity or decreased pH)
Explain how the structure of the alveoli benefits gas exchange.
Millions of sac like structures surrounded by capillaries provide tremendous surface area. The thinness of the of the respiratory membrane (2 cells thick) also provide benefits for gas exchange.