E.C. Physical Development
E.C. Cognitive Development
E.C. Socio/Emotional Dev.
M.C. Physical Development
M.C. Cognitive Development
100

What type of motor skills allows for development of greater dexterity with practice and develop about 6 months earlier in females?

Fine motor skills

100
Early childhood is a sensitive period for mastering what aspects of language?

vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation

100

What is emotional regulation and what changes do we see in a child's social skills when they have mastered it?

Emotional regulation is the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed and once a child has mastered it antisocial behaviors become less common and prosocial behaviors and empathy increases.

100

According to the World Health organization what it the ideal amount of exercise a child should be getting at this age?

At least one hour a day starting at age 5. 

100

Define pragmatics and how they relate to language development in middle childhood.

Practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context. In middle childhood, children have typically fully mastered pragmatics.

200

For a well nourished child, what are the typical growth trends that you would expect to see in early childhood?

-body lengthens and child becomes slimmer

- gain approximately 3 inches in height and 4.5 pounds each year

200

What is slow to develop, typically begins around 4 and involves a child coming up with a theory about what other people might be thinking?

Theory of Mind 

200

What is protective optimism?

It consists of positivity bias that helps young child try new things because they have an over inflated confidence and believe that they will succeed. It begins around age 3 and this belief regarding self worth is tied to parental confirmation.


200

What are the trends of physical growth that we see in middle childhood and how do they impact strength and ability?

Muscles become stronger, including the heart and lungs which helps children run faster and exercise for longer. This also makes them capable of mastering any motor skill that does not require adult-sized bodies.

200

What is metacognition?

Involves the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

300

What is preservation? 

normal, age-dependent obsessive-compulsive behavior related to food choices and bedtime routine that many children in early childhood exhibit. 

300

What are three aspects of thought that Piaget's theory suggests children are demonstrating in the preoperational stage?

-Thinking in symbols, not just motor skills and senses

-animism: inanimate object have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

-ego-centrism:inability to distinguish between someone else’s perspective and your own

300

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory children at this age are struggling with the crisis of initiative versus guilt. What does this mean the child is experiencing?

•Children are exploring and undertaking new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

300

A maturation in what area of the brain contributes to children being able to master increasingly complex tasks in middle childhood?

prefrontal cortex

300

Development in the brain leads to quicker and more efficient mental processes in middle childhood. What are 3 examples of these processes?

•Reaction time: Time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively (with a thought)

•Selective attention: Ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others; focus on most important elements in environment

•Automatization: Process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought

400

What skills do children develop spontaneously through play? Give an example of a task that children most children should be able to complete at age 6 using these skills.

-motor skills

-tie shoes, catch a small ball, write simple words, draw and paint recognizable pictures

400

What are the four limitations of preoperational thought theorized by Piaget, that make logic difficult until about age 6?

1.Centration: Young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others, this may include egocentrism

2.Focus on appearance:Young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

3.Static reasoning:Young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.

4. Irreversibility: Young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.

400

What are two types of social play and how do engaging in them benefit early childhood development?

-Rough-and-tumble play(active social play): this type of play is particularly common in males,  mimics aggression with no intention to harm and may positively affect prefrontal cortex development

-Sociodramatic play (Playing pretend): this type of play enables children explore and rehearse social roles, test their ability to explain,practice regulating their emotions, develop a self-concept and create play themes

400

What are some trends that we see in physical education in public schools?

-Physical education is not as valued and is sometimes replaced with reading and math time


400

What is an information processing theory? Give an example of a theory that follows this logic.

Compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data. Siegler’s overlapping waves theory of learning which follows that new and better strategies for calculation are tried, ignored, half-used, abandoned, and finally adopted.

500

What are the main changes in the brain that occur in early childhood?

-growth of prefrontal cortex 

-myelination of limbic system, making speed of thought faster than in toddlerhood 

-development of corpus callosum, nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allow communication between them

- lateralization: specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity.

500

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theories what is the zone of proximal development and what are the most important components?

-The zone of proximal development is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

-3 important components:

-The presence of someone with knowledge and skills beyond that of the learner (a more knowledgeable other).

-Social interactions with a skillful tutor that allow the learner to observe and practice their skills.

-Scaffolding, or supportive activities provided by the educator that can be tailored to fit the learners needs and guidance can taper off as competency increases.

500

What are the 5 types of play according to Parten (1932)?

•Solitary play: A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.

•Onlooker play: A child watches other children play.

•Parallel play: Children play with similar toys in similar ways, but not together.

•Associative play: Children interact, observing each other and sharing material, but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal.

•Cooperative play: Children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity or taking turns.

500

What are the trends that we have seen in childhood obesity and what negative outcomes correlate with it?

-It is growing worldwide (has more than doubled in The United States, Mexico and Canada since 1980) and has been linked to asthma, high blood pressure and high cholesterol as well as a decrease in school achievement and self esteem and a rise in lonelines

500

According to Piaget's theory, children in this stage are able to engage in concrete operational thought. What does this mean and what logical concepts are associated with it?

-This means children at this age have the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions. 

-Logical concepts:

-Classification: Organization of things into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common, by age 8, most children can classify

-Transitive inference:The ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another and is linked to maturation of the hippocampus which reaches a critical point around age 7

-Seriation: Includes knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series.

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