Developmental Psychology
What is the focus of "nature vs. nurture"?
The genetic vs. environmental influences on development
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the detection of stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
What are algorithms?
A step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem
What is Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development?
The focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment
What is maturation?
The process of development that is genetically programmed, such as walking or talking
What is subliminal stimulation?
The presentation of stimuli below the threshold of conscious awareness
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement of others
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions
What is the concept of “stereotype threat”?
The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group affecting performance
What is the focus of "continuity vs. stages"?
The questions regarding whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages
What is perceptual set?
The predisposition to perceive things in a certain way based on expectations
What is the difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement provides rewards after every correct response, while partial reinforcement gives rewards intermittently
What is divergent thinking?
Generating multiple, unique solutions to a problem
What is Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development?
The focus on social approval and maintaining law and order
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages
What are binocular depth cues?
Visual cues that require both eyes, such as retinal disparity
What is a positive punishment?
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
What is linguistic determinism?
The idea that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions of the world
What is the postconventional level of moral development?
The focus on abstract principles and values, such as justice and equality
How does deprivation of attachment affect social development?
Can lead to difficulties in forming relationships and increased anxiety
What is the blind spot in the eye?
The area where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacking photoreceptors
What is generalization in learning?
The tendency to respond similarly to similar stimuli
What are Sternberg's five components of creativity?
Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment
How does moral reasoning develop in children according to Piaget?
It shifts from a focus on consequences to understanding intentions and fairness