Research Designs
This most common type of longitudinal design involves following a single sample of participants over a period of time.
What is a panel study?
This technique is used to control for both experimenter and participant effects resulting from the knowledge of condition assignment.
What is double-blinding?
These labels corresponding to the response options on a rating scale are useful for standardizing participant responses to a survey instrument.
What are anchors?
This criteria for claiming causality is the easiest to satisfy because it can be established using nonexperimental research designs
What is covariance?
A set of hypotheses that describe a psychological process or how a set of variables are related to one another
What is a theoretical model?
This type of design lacks random assignment to conditions but still includes a manipulation of an independent variable.
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A researcher is concerned that differences in baseline levels of depression might impact the results of their study testing the efficacy of a new intervention. To address this concern, the researcher might use ________ to make sure the treatment and control groups are equal in terms of baseline depression.
What is matching?
Name this type of response category set:
1 (strongly disagree)
2 (disagree)
3 (neither agree nor disagree)
4 (agree)
5 (strongly agree)
What is a Likert scale?
This technique ensures that every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any experimental condition, helping control for pre-existing differences between groups.
What is random assignment?
When most participants score at the bottom end of a scale, making it difficult to detect differences between conditions
What is a floor effect?
This type of experimental design exposes all participants to every level of the independent variable.
What is a within-subjects design?
Midway through a study on job satisfaction, company management announced layoffs. Participants’ satisfaction dropped across all groups. This is an example of which threat to internal validity?
What is history?
"To what extent do you and your partner share political and religious beliefs?" is poorly written survey item because it is ___________.
What is double-barreled?
A researcher tests whether sleep deprivation affects emotion regulation. However, participants who slept less also reported higher stress from work. In this case, work stress is a _____________ variable.
What is extraneous?
The tendency for research participants to paint themselves in a more favorable light in their survey responses.
What is social desirability bias?
This refers to the overall influence of one independent variable, regardless of the level of the other independent variable(s).
What is a main effect?
This refers to differences among groups of participants that are due to their age/generation
What are cohort effects?
This term describes the idea that response categories for a survey item should not overlap. The response categories should be __________.
What is mutually exclusive?
This Bradford Hill criterion for causation states that multiple observations of a relationship, under different circumstances, in different populations, and using difference measures increase the credibility of a causal claim
What is consistency?
This type of relationship occurs when two variables influence each other in both directions. For example, stress and sleep quality.
What is a bidirectional relationship?
This design measures the same dependent variable multiple times in a single group before and after an intervention to detect changes in the trend of the dependent variable.
What is a simple interrupted time-series design?
Building an extraneous variable into the study and testing it as an independent variable produces a __________ design
What is factorial?
Name this type of response scale:
Unhappy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Happy
Annoyed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pleased
Unsatisfied 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Satisfied
What is semantic differential?
This type of design can be used to establish temporal precedence in correlational research
What is a longitudinal cross-lagged design?
Relatively stable characteristics or traits that differ between people and are sometimes used to group participants in quasi-experiments.
What are individual differences?