Motivation
Dan wants to get better at video games because he enjoys playing them. Jack, on the other hand, wants to get better because he's trying to go pro and make money. Dan is influenced by ______ motivation, while Jack is influenced by _____ motivation.
Dan: intrinsic
Jack : Extrinsic
Remembering how to ride a bike is most likely an example of ______ memory?
Procedural
Which brain region is important for processing strongly emotional memories?
Amygdala
Sean and Alexa are studying for exam 2 in Dr. G's class. Sean is studying how people change physically as they grow, including brain growth and hormonal changes. Alexa is studying how people's thinking, reasoning, and communication skills develop over time. What two areas of human development are Sean and Alexa studying?
Sean: Physical development
Alexa: Cognitive development
What is an enduring emotional connection called?
Attachment
What is the primary neurotransmitter most closely associated with motivation?
Dopamine
Marks at the bar and tries to memorize the number he just got from a girl who's "His future wife." Instead of remembering each digit individually, he breaks the number into three smaller groups: the area code, the next three digits, and the final four digits. What memory strategy is Mark using to make the phone number easier to remember?
The power of chunking.
Which law explains why too much or too little arousal can impair performance?
Yerkes–Dodson law
A teacher helps a student solve a difficult math problem by giving hints and guiding them through each step. As the student improves, the teacher gradually provides less help. What is this teaching strategy called?
Scaffolding
According to Harlow’s experiments, what mattered more than food to stressed infant monkeys?
Comforting touch
JP wants to move from having a snack pack to a six-pack but is struggling to lose weight. However, as he loses weight, he notices he feels hungrier throughout the day. Which hormone is most likely causing JP to feel hungrier?
Ghrelin
Sarah is studying for her psychology exam. First, she reads her notes and processes the information. Next, her brain holds onto that information over time. Finally, during the exam, she recalls what she learned to answer a question. What are the three memory processes Sarah used, in the correct order?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Maddie and Mark go on their first date to a haunted house. As they walk through, Maddie's heart races and she feels a rush of excitement. Afterward, Maddie tells her friends that she felt an unusually strong romantic connection with Mark, even though much of her physical excitement came from being scared. What psychological concept best explains Maddie's experience?
Misattribution of arousal
Maddie mistakenly interprets the physiological arousal caused by fear as romantic attraction toward Mark.
Which famous psychologist believed that children learn and develop their thinking skills through social interactions, such as learning from parents, teachers, and others?
Lev Vygotsky
What parenting style does each parent demonstrate?
1. Otto tells his son to clean his room because he said so. He has strict rules, does not explain them, and punishes his son for disobeying.
2. Sarah sets clear rules for her daughter but explains why they are important. She listens to her daughter's opinions while still enforcing boundaries.
3. Mark lets his children make most of their own decisions. He is loving and supportive but rarely enforces rules or consequences.
4. Jessica is rarely involved in her son's life. She provides little emotional support, supervision, or guidance.
Otto- Authoritarian: Strict rules, high demands, and little explanation.
Sarah- Authoritative: Clear rules combined with warmth, communication, and support.
Mark- Permissive: Loving and supportive but has few rules or boundaries.
Jessica- Uninvolved (Neglectful): Provides little guidance, supervision, or emotional support.
1. What is the term for the steady level of dopamine that helps maintain consistent motivation?
2. What is the term for the highest point of dopamine activity, when dopamine levels temporarily rise above their normal level?
3. What is the term for the lowest point of dopamine activity, when dopamine levels temporarily fall below their normal level?
1. Baseline
2. Peak
3. Trough
Sophie and Olivia both suffer head injuries. After falling from her roof, Sophie seems to have lost her memory of the last 5 years. Meanwhile, Olivia gets in a car crash and can't form new memories. What type of amnesia is each person experiencing?
Sophie: retrograde amnesia
Olivia: anterograde amnesia
Three students exploring the Arctic encounter a polar bear. Zack experiences fear and physical shaking at the same time. Pat begins shaking, and his perception of that physical reaction produces his feeling of fear. Tom notices his heart racing and interprets the situation as dangerous, which leads him to feel fear. Based on how each student experiences fear, pair the following theories of emotion for each student.
(James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Two-Factor Theory)
Zack- Cannon–Bard Theory: Emotional feelings and physical reactions occur simultaneously.
Pat- James–Lange Theory: Physical reactions occur first, and experiencing those bodily changes produces the emotion.
Tom- Two-Factor (Schachter–Singer) Theory: Emotion results from physiological arousal combined with a cognitive interpretation of the situation.
A young child has a dog at home and knows that dogs have four legs, fur, and a tail. One day, the child sees a cat for the first time and calls it a dog because it looks similar. This is an example of ________. Later, the child's parent explains that the animal is actually a cat, not a dog. The child learns to recognize cats and dogs as two different animals. This is an example of ________.
Assimilation: Using existing knowledge to understand something new.
Accommodation: Changing existing knowledge to understand new information.
Four children react differently when their mothers leave them with a babysitter.
1. Pamela cries when her mother leaves. When she returns, Pamela wants to be held but then pushes her mother away.
2. Emma cries when her mother leaves but is happy and easily comforted when she returns.
3. Ella barely reacts when her mother leaves and ignores her when she returns.
4. Liam acts confused when his mother returns. He walks toward her but then suddenly backs away and freezes.
What type of attachment does each child demonstrate?
1. Pamela: Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment: Seeks comfort but also resists the caregiver.
2. Emma: Secure Attachment: Becomes upset during separation but is comforted when the caregiver returns.
3. Ella: Avoidant Attachment: Shows little distress and avoids the caregiver upon return.
4. Liam: Disorganized Attachment: Demonstrates inconsistent, confused, or contradictory behaviors toward the caregiver.
Sarah studies for her psychology exam in the library. When she takes her exam in that same library, she finds it easier to remember the material. Meanwhile, Jake studies for his exam while drinking coffee and feeling energized. During his exam, he experiences that same energized feeling and finds it easier to recall what he studied. What type of memory is Sarah demonstrating, and what type is Jake demonstrating?
Sarah: Context-dependent memory (recalling information more easily in the same environment).
Jake: State-dependent memory (recalling information more easily when internal states match).
Sean is telling his younger brother, Ben, about a birthday party their family threw for him when he was a baby. Sean remembers the party and describes the events from his own personal experience. He is retrieving a(n) ________ memory. Later, Ben tells his friend about the birthday party. Although Ben cannot remember the event personally, he remembers the information Sean shared with him. He is retrieving a(n) ________ memory.
Episodic and Semantic
Davis was fouled and is heading to the free-throw line for a game-winning shot. His coach (Michel) calls a timeout; he notices Davis is extremely nervous, his heart is racing, and his arousal level is unusually high. Michel encourages Davis to calm down before taking the shot. Based on the relationship between arousal and performance, why would lowering Davis's arousal level improve his chances of making the shot?
Excessively high levels of arousal can negatively affect performance
Erik Erikson believed people experience eight stages of psychosocial development throughout their lives, each involving a different conflict. From infancy to late adulthood, what are the eight psychosocial conflicts in the correct order? (____ vs. ____)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust — Infancy
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt — Toddlerhood
3. Initiative vs. Guilt — Early Childhood
4. Industry vs. Inferiority — School Age
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion — Adolescence
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation — Young Adulthood
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation — Middle Adulthood
8. Integrity vs. Despair — Late Adulthood
Abbi is cooking dinner while following a new recipe. She uses __________ memory to keep track of the ingredients and instructions as she cooks. While cooking, she remembers a meal her grandmother made for her several years ago. To recall this past experience, Abbi uses __________ memory.
Working memory; Long-term memory