The Courts
The power of the courts to declare any law that they find to be unconstitutional null and void.
What is Judicial Review?
This act guaranteed equal treatment in schools, workplaces, and public spaces, and banned any form of discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin.
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
These forms of speech include symbolic speech, student speech, political speech, commercial speech, and hate speech.
What are protected types of speech?
This case overturned the "separate but equal" ruling of the Plessy v. Ferguson case, arguing that "separate is inherently unequal", and requiring the integration of public schools.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
This 21st century form of communication via the Internet has mobilized political participation, specifically protests.
What is social media?
This person is the government official who presents the Supreme Court with the official position of the US presidential administration on various cases
Who is the Solicitor General?
This amendment banned the poll tax.
What is the 24th amendment?
This clause of the 1st amendment is part of Freedom of Religion, and it prevents the government from establishing a national religion.
What is the Establishment Clause?
This case ruled that several different constitutional amendments imply a right to privacy, and therefore the states may not restrict abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy.
What is Roe v. Wade?
These forms of participation include things such as donating money to a political campaign, contacting elected officials, or protesting.
What is non-electoral participation?
This rule states that a certain number of Supreme Court justices must agree that they want to hear a case before a writ of certiorari is granted.
What is the Rule of 4?
This important clause of one of the Civil War amendments required both the state and federal governments to uphold everything written in the US constitution.
What is the Due Process Clause of the 14th amendment?
The gradual process of inclusion of civil liberties due to the Supreme Court using one case at a time to determine whether a liberty should be protected by the states.
What is selective incorporation?
This case involved someone who was not informed of their rights before being questioned by the police, it ruled that the police must read everyone their 5th amendment rights before being questioned.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
These things include registration rules, frequent elections, timing of elections, and majoritarian electoral systems.
What are barriers/obtacles to voting?
This Court is the only Court that has the power to overturn Supreme Court decisions.
What is the Supreme Court?
These policies provide expanded educational and employment opportunities for members of a previously disadvantaged group.
What is affirmative action?
This 3-part test is used by the courts to determine whether a material can be classified as obscenity and subject to government censorship.
What is the Miller Test?
This court case involved someone who was convicted and was not given a state appointed attorney, it ruled that if someone can't afford an attorney, the state must provide one.
What is Gideon v. Wainwright?
This modern form of political disenfranchisement did not exist in any state before 2006; now 33 states have these laws in place.
What are Voter ID laws?
Latin for "let the decision stand", this phrase means that lower courts are expected to follow Supreme Court decisions when dealing with similar cases.
What is stare decisis?
Any court case involving this is evaluated with "strict scrutiny", in which the government must prove that their action serves a compelling state interest and that their action is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest in order to be allowed to discriminate against an individual.
What is a suspect classification?
This 3-part test is used by the courts to determine whether the government has violated the Establishment Clause of the 1st amendment.
What is the Lemon Test?
This case involved students who were suspended for wearing black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War, it ruled that student speech is protected and students do not lose their free speech rights when they enter school property.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines?
This act expanded the 14th and 15th amendments by removing discriminatory voting barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes. It also required "preclearance" if a state with a history of voter disenfranchisement wanted to change their voting laws.
What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?