Cartilage / Bone Tissue
Growth from within the cartilage itself is called ________ where as growth along the cartilage's outer edge is called ________.
What is Interstitial and Appositional
The Axial skeleton consists of:
What are the skull, hyoid, vertebrae, thoracic cage
The Appendicular skeletons consists of:
What are the shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
Name the three kinds of muscle and their function
Skeletal- moves bones
Cardiac- pumps blood in heart
Smooth- movement through hollow structures
Explain the physiology of the following articulation classifications and explain each: synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
diarthrosis (freely moveable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), synarthrosis (not moveable)
What are the steps to interstitial growth?
1. chondrocytes stimulated to go through mitotic division
2. form two chondroblasts in one lacuna
3. chondroblasts secrete new matrix, which pushes them apart
4. Once pushed apart, they are called chondrocytes again
Of the facial bones, which are paired?
What are the zygomatics, lacrimals, nasals, inferior nasal conchae, palatines, maxillae
The pelvic girdle is formed by a pair of os coxae. The os coxae is formed by the fusion of which bones?
What are the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Match the following cell terms with the corresponding muscle cell terms.
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, smooth ER
What are the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Cartilaginous joints are made up of ________ and fibrous joints are made up of ________.
What is hyaline and collagen?
What are the steps of appositional growth?
1. undifferentiated stem cells divide at internal edge of perichondrium
- form new undifferentiated stem cells and chondroblasts
2. chondroblasts secrete new matrix at periphery of cartilage, which pushes them apart
3. becomes chondrocytes (in own lacunae)
What are the five regions of the vertebral column and how many bones form the regions?
What are the Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused), Coccyx (2-4 fused)
Which membrane allows for the rotational movement of radius against ulna without disarticulation?
What is the interosseous membrane
List the properties of muscle tissue:
What are excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
Give an example of each: synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous.
Synovial: shoulder, hip, knee
Cartilaginous: pubic symphysis, vertebrae
Fibrous: sutures
What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
1. multiple ossification centers with osteoblasts from within thickened regions of mesenchyme; secrete osteoid
2. osteoid undergoes calcification
3. Woven bone and periosteum form
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact and spongy bone form
What are the four functions of the thoracic cage?
Protects the thoracic organs, supports the shoulder, provides attachment for muscles, framework for breathing
How many bones make up the following in the hand: carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, and distal phalanges? What is different about the digit?
Carpals (8), metacarpals (5), proximal phalanges (5), middle phalanges (4), distal phalanges (5)
Digit only has proximal and distal phalanges
What are the group actions of muscles and their descriptions.
Agonist- prime mover, contraction, desired effect.
Antagonist- relaxed as agonist contracts
synergists- aid agonist in contraction, smooths movement
Fixator- holds origin of agonist stable
In the elbow, what is the hinge joint rotational joint called?
What are the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints?
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1. Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
2. chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and matrix calcifies; periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis
3. primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis; bone replaces calcified cartilage
4. Secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses
5. Bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates
6. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
The orbits are formed by which bones?
What are the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid
As the skeleton ages, what tends to happen?
Intervertebral discs become thin, loss of statue, costal cartilages ossify, osteoporosis
List the skeletal muscle structural organization from smallest to largest.
What are myofilaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, and muscle.
List the order of synovial joint shapes from most mobility to least
What are ball and socket, saddle, condylar, pivot, hinge, plane