Chapter 7 & 8
Why is the membrane considered a fluid mosaic model?
components can move laterally (fluid) and components vary between cell types (mosaic)
What is the final electron receptor in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and Calvin Cycle (dark reactions)
What is signal amplification?
When one molecule binding to a receptor activates a chain reaction activating billions of other molecules
When does DNA replicate?
S phase
A solution is _____ when water moves out of the cell, but is _____ when water moves into the cell
hypertonic, hypotonic
In the summary equation, which reactant is reduced and which one is oxidized? To what?
O2 is reduced to H20
C6H12O6 is oxidized to CO2
In the summary equation, which reactant is reduced and which reactant is oxidized? To what?
CO2 is reduced to C6H12O6
H2O is oxidized to O2
What type of signaling involves hormones released into the bloodstream?
Endocrine
What is the symbol and definition of diploid and haploid?
Diploid: 2n, full amount of DNA present
Haploid: n, half amount of DNA present
Gibbs Free Energy is...
energy available to do work
Energy Investment Phase: start with glucose, 2 ATP are used, phosphofructokinase is used to make 2 G3P
Energy Payoff Phase: start with 2 G3P, 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH, 4 ATP are made, end with 2 pyruvate
What is photorespiration?
Stomata close to limit water loss, O2 builds up, Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2, Carbon fixation stops
What are the two types of gene expression?
Transcription & Translation
How many chromosomes are in a cell with 2n=5 during anaphase?
10
What are the two major differences between active transport and passive transport?
[concentration] moves from high to low rather than low to high, requires energy
What are the steps of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) per turn?
Acetyl CoA binds with oxaloacetate to form citrate, 3 NAD+ is reduced to NADH, 2 CO2 are released, 1 ATP is made, 1 FAD is reduced to FADH2, oxaloacetate is made again. (per 1 Acetyl CoA- cycle happens twice"
What happens during the Calvin Cycle?
Reduction: 6 ATP and 6 NADPH use to make 6 G3P. One is removed to make half of glucose
Regeneration of RuBP: 5 remaining G3P use 3 ATP to make Rubisco, cycle starts again.
What are the three types of secondary messengers? How do they function?
1. cAMP-carries a message through the cell
2. Ca2+- increased [Ca2+] in cytosol is the signal
3. IP3- cleaved from PIP 2 using Phospholipase C to open IP3 gated calcium channel
How many chromosomes are in one cell of 2n= 6 during metaphase II? Is the cell diploid or haploid?
3, haploid
Give three differences between anabolic and catabolic reactions
Anabolic: synthesize large molecules, dehydration synthesis, positive delta G, net input of energy required, endergonic, simple to complex
Catabolic: Breakdown molecules, hydrolysis, Negative delta G (energy released), no energy input, exergonic, complex to simple
What are the steps of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Electron Transport Chain: NADH is oxidized to NAD+, FADH2 is oxidized to FAD, both send electrons through the chain and hydrogen ions to the intermembrane space, the electrons travel to oxygen along the transport chain to form water.
Chemiosmosis: The protons in the intermembrane space power ATP synthase to make 26-28 ATP.
What happens in the light reactions?
Light energy hits photosystem 2, excites the pigment molecules until the energy reaches P680. The P680 electrons get excited and go to the primary acceptor. Electrons from water go to P680. Electrons from the primary acceptor travel down the electron transport chain to P700 which makinig a proton gradient for chemiosmosis to make ATP. Light energy hits photosystem 1, excites the pigment molecules until the energy reaches P700, electrons get excited and go to primary acceptor. electrons travel down electron transport chain to reduce NADP+. ATP and NADPH go to Calvin Cycle
What are the four types of receptors?
1. Ligand gated ion channels
2. G protein coupled receptors
3. Receptor tyrosine kinase
4. Intracellular receptors
What separates when?
-Sister Chromatids
-Homologues
-Sister Chromatids
-Mitosis
-Meiosis I
-Meiosis II