Bone
Label the Picture of the Long Bone.
Picture
What are the 5 different types of muscles? Describe them.
- Cutaneous Muscles: Skin Twitch; Little to no attachment to bone
- Head & Neck Muscles: Facial Expressions; Neck Movement; Movement of sensory structures
- Abdominal Muscles: Supports abdominal organs; Flex the back; Defecation, Urination, Parturition
- Thoracic Limb Muscle: Locomotion;Abduction and adduction of shoulder; Movement of lower limb
- Pelvic Limb Muscles: Locomotion
Fill in the organization chart.
Picture
What is the Threshold?
The level of stimulus needed to create an action potential, causing the neuron to depolarize
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Where do we find bone marrow? Describe the different types.
- Fills the spaces in spongy bones
- Red Bone Marrow:
- Forms blood cells; Erythrocytes & Leukocytes
- White/Yellow Bone Marrow:
- Does not produce blood cells; Primary composed of fat; Fat storage
- Can return to Red bone marrow if needed by the body
Define Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Atrophy.
Hypertrophy: Enlargement by increase in cell size
Hyperplasia: Enlargement by increase in cell numbers
Atrophy: Degeneration
Define the following: Neuron, Ganglion, Nerve, and Neuroglia.
Neuron: nerve cell, structural and functional unit of the nervous system
Ganglion: a clump of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
Nerve: a bundle of axons outside CNS
Neuroglia: connective tissue inside CNS
What is a refractory period?
Period when neuron is insensitive to a nerve impulse because it has not completely repolarized
Define the following: Abduction, Adduction, Flexion, and Extension.
Abduction: Removing from the midline
Adduction: Adding back to the midline
Flexion: Bringing the limb in on itself
Extension: Extreme straightening of leg
What type of cartilage is seen in bones? What type(s)? Where is it found?
- Articular and Epiphyseal cartilage is found in bones
- Articular Cartilage:
- Protective; Maintains integrity at spots where bones articulate; Can degrade over time
- Epiphyseal Cartilage:
- Growth Plates; Located between epiphysis and diaphysis; Site of long bone lengthening as the animal ages.List and describe the microanatomy of a skeletal muscle from smallest to biggest.
Myofibril: Composed of actin and myosin; Hundreds run together lengthwise to make up a muscle fiber
Muscle Fiber: Hundreds of myofibrils; Individual muscle cell
Endomysium: Connective tissue around individual muscle fibers
Fascicle: Small bundles of muscle fibers within a specific muscle
Perimysium: Connective tissue around a bundle of muscle fibers
Muscle: Collection of fascicles
Epimysium: Connective tissue sheet covering a whole muscle
What is the neuroanatomy of a neuron? Describe them.
Cell Body: Biosynthetic center of the neuron; Transparent, spherical nucleus; Contains all organelles
Dendrites: Short, tapering extensions of the cell body; Primary reception area of neuron
Axon: Varies in length, Conduction region of the neuron; Transmits nerve impulse
Myelin Sheath: Along axon; Protein, lipid sheath; Increases the speed of an AP
Schwann Cells: Forms myelin sheath in PNS
Nodes of Ranvier: Sites of Sodium (Na+) for propagation
What are neurotransmitters? Where are they found? What are the major types we see in the body?
- Chemical messenger; Diffuses across the synapse and causes the transfer of an impulse
- Found in Chemical Synapses-
- Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine are the two most common
Where are each of the following joints? Atlantoaxial, Atlanto-occipital, Scapulohumeral, Carpometacarpal, and Coxofemoral.
Atlantoaxial: Between the C1 and C2 Vertebrae; Allows for side to side head rotation
Atlanto-occipital: Between C1 and Skull
Scapulohumeral: Where scapula meets humerus
Carpometacarpal: Where carpal meets metacarpal
Coxofemoral: Where the Femur meets the Pelvis
What is the makeup of bone? (Hint it's fractions)
- 1/3 of bone is organic material:
- Collagen Fibers and Glycosaminoglycans
- 2/3 of bone in inorganic material:
- Calcium & Phosphorus Salts: Hydroxyapatite Crystals (80%)
- Calcium carbonate and Magnesium Phosphorus (20%)
- Helps strengthen the bone & Energy source
Describe the different fiber types.
Type 1: Slow twitch fibers; Aerobic; Hours of duration; Low power produced
Type 2a: Fast twitch fibers; Anaerobic; <30 min of duration; Medium power produced
Type 2b: Fast twitch fibers; Anaerobic; <1 min of duration; High amount of power produced
Are the following nerves a part of the Afferent or Efferent pathway? Olfactory, Optic, Vagus, Facial, Trigeminal, Trochlear, Hypoglossal.
Olfactory: Afferent
Optic: Afferent
Vagus: Mixed
Facial: Mixed
Trigeminal: Mixed
Trochlear: Efferent
Hypoglossal: Efferent
What is the difference between Graded Potentials and Action Potentials?
Graded Potentials:
- No threshold value; Amount of depolarization depends on the intensity of stimulus; No refractory period; Occurs in most plasma membranes; Decreases strength with distance
Action Potentials:
- Threshold must be met before AP begins; All-or-none idea; Does not decrease in strength;Has a refractory period; Occurs in excitable membranes
What is Summation? What are the two types?
Summation: Whole muscle contracting at varying strengths; The additive of several electrical impulses on a neuromuscular junction
- Spatial: Several impulses traveling down multiple presynaptic neurons that arrive at the axon hillock at the same time causing an AP
- Temporal: Several small impulses travel down one presynaptic neuron and reach the axon hillock consecutively to cause AP
List the bones of each limb starting at the top and going down the limb.
Thoracic Limb:
- Scapula (shoulder bone), Humerus (upper arm), Radius (main bone of forearm), Ulna (other bone of forearm), Carpal Bones (Wrist bones), Metacarpal Bones (Bones of hand), Phalanges (Bones that makeup digit)
Pelvic Limb:
- Pelvis, Femur (long bone of thigh), Patella (Kneecap), Tibia (main weight bearing bone of lower leg), Tarsal Bones (ankle), Metatarsal Bones (Bones of Feet), Phalanges (individual bones that make up digit)
Describe Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle.
Smooth Muscle:
-Makes up internal organs (EX: stomach, intestine)
- Can contract
- Multicellular
Cardiac Muscle:
-Gap junctions (connect cardiac muscle cells allowing impulses to flow)
- Intercalated discs (Form branching network of cardiac muscle cells)
- Unicellular & Single nucleated
What are the 5 types of neuroglia? What Nervous system are each of them a part of?
Astrocyte: CNS
Microglial Cells: CNS
Ependymal Cells: CNS
Oligodendrocyte: CNS
Sensory Neuron w/ Schwann & Satellite cells: PNS
Draw the Action Potential chart and describe each step.
Depolarization: Sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the cell; Cell becomes positively charged; +30mV
Repolarization: Sodium channels close; Potassium channels open; Works to reestablish RMP
Undershoot: When the Potassium channels stay open to long and the mV falls below -70.
Resting Membrane Potential: -70 mV; Polarized state/ electrically neutral; Sodium outside cell/ Potassium inside cell.
What is the physiological response of the sympathetic nervous system? What about the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System:
- Speeds up heart rate; Delivers more blood to areas of the body that need oxygen; Pupil Dilation; Decreases digestion; Widen bronchial passages; Raise blood pressure; Start sweating
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
- Decreases respiration; Decreases heart rate; Increases digestion; Relaxes your body