Straight Up Definitions
This is a limited amount of activated information in your mind, used for ongoing storage and processing
What is working memory?
You are trying to remember a word, but are failing to do so. It feels like the word is just out-of-reach. You are experiencing this.
What is tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
This test of working memory simply requires individuals to repeat lists of digits which increase in set size.
What is digit span test?
This effect predicts that you will be better able to remember information that was deeply processed as opposed to processed more shallowly.
What is levels-of-processing?
You can't remember a phone number you just heard 3 minutes ago. You think that you should have repeated the numbers to yourself multiple times, a strategy known as this.
What is rehearsal?
This is the ability to learn a word'smeaning after only one exposure.
What is fast-mapping?
A researcher wants participants to remember a list of words. They find that the longer they make the words (e.g., bat vs. conglomerate), the fewer words participants can remember. Baddeley name this effect this.
What is the word-length effect?
This is the most transient form of memory.
What is sensory memory?
This occurs when one knows some information, but is mistaken about the source of that information.
What is a source monitoring error?
This type of aphasia is characterized by disruptions in speech production.
What is Broca's aphasia?
This is a sentence that begins with one interpretation, then ends with an alternate interpretation
What is a garden-path sentence?
Ryan wants to study her friends' abilities to inhibit automatic responses. She decides to use this lab task.
What is the Stroop task?
Raquel learns that a memory she has believed her whole life never actually happened. Raquel has experienced this.
What is a false memory?
This is our maladaptive tendency to continue an endeavor after an investment (e.g., time, money, effort) of some sort has been made.
What is sunk cost fallacy?
This area of the brain may be affected if an individual is having trouble comprehending language.
What is Wernicke's area?
These are mental shortcuts used during fast thinking.
What are heuristics?
Shae finds that each time they try to recall their new account password, they can only remember the old one. Shae is experiencing this.
What is proactive interference?
A patient has a hard time remembering events that occurred before their traumatic brain injury. The patient is experiencing this.
What is retrograde amnesia?
This is the concept that different starting points (initial values) can produce different estimates or decisions.
What is anchoring?
A company decides that they will not uptake a new policy, because they value tradition over change. The company may be engaging in this bias.
What is status quo bias?
This effect suggests that in general, memory retrieval is best when the cues available at testing are similar to those available at encoding.
What is the transfer-appproriate processing effect? (or encoding specificity principle)
Bryce does not take long to think about when he should hit his brakes while driving. In fact, it almost feels automatic. Bryce is engaging in this system of thinking.
What is System 1?
Baddeley & Hitch's model of working memory contain this component, important for the storage of auditory information.
What is the phonological loop?
This is one of the three principles for memory encoding.
What is:
> mere exposure to information does not guarantee memory
or
> memory is better for info that relates to prior knowledge
or
> deeper processing at encoding improves recognition later
?
What is common ground?