Chapter 6 - Skin
Name the layers of the Epidermis in order from superficial to deep.
Which of the layers is only present in certain areas of the body? Where in the body is it?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basalis
Stratum Lucidum is in the palms and soles.
What is the difference between compact and spongey bone? Name 3
Compact: Made up of Osteons, which are layers of matrix (known as lamellae) surrounding a central canal, Strong and Solid, Weight Bearing, Resists Compression
Spongey: Made up of branching plates called Trabeculae, Somewhat flexible, Has spaces in between trabeculae that reduces the bone's weight, Marrow exists in these spaces.
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball-and-Socket
What is the functional unit of a muscle?
Describe the anatomy of this structure.
Sarcomere
Name the main parts of a neuron.
Dendrites - Sensory projections from the cell body
Cell Body - Main part of the neuron containing the nucleus
Axon - Long projection, down which an impulse travels to stimulate another nerve, muscle, or gland.
A person is watching a scary movie when the hair on the back of their neck stands up. What made the hair stand up?
Arector Pili Muscles
Without looking at notes
Name 5 unique anatomical parts of a long bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Trabeculae
Medullary Cavity
Endosteum
Bone Marrow
What are the three types of Fibrous Joints?
What are examples of each of these?
Syndesmosis - Interosseous membrane between Tibia and Fibula
Suture - Woven joints between bones of the skull
Gomphosis - Tooth in socket
What are the three types of muscle in the human body?
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Name all the Neuroglial cells in the CNS/PNS
CNS - Astrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, Ependymal Cells, Microglial cells
PNS - Schwann Cell, Satellite Cells
What is contained within the Dermis?
What kind of connective tissue is present?
Connective Tissue, Muscle, Blood, Nervous Tissue
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
What are the two main hormones that effect bone formation or resorption? What is the trigger that causes the glands to produce them?
When bone is broken down, what are the two main elements released into the blood?
Calcitonin from the Thyroid Gland: Stimulates Osteoblasts to build bone by taking Calcium and Phosphorous from the blood and putting it into the matrix that forms new bone.
Parathyroid Hormone from the Parathyroid gland: Stimulates Osteoclasts to break down bone and release Calcium and Phosphorous from the bone into the blood.
Trigger is blood Calcium level
Two main elements: Calcium and Phosphorous
Jimmy looks down at his watch to check the time.
What joint motion is occurring at the neck when he bends his head forward to look at the watch?
What joint motion is occurring at the neck when he looks back up from his watch
Looking down - Flexion
Looking up - Extension
Why is oxygen important for the function of muscles?
ATP is produces in the mitochondria, which muscle cells contain. The most efficient way that the body can produce ATP is going through the electron transport chain in these mitochondria, and that requires oxygen.
What is the purpose of the trigger zone in the axon hillock?
All or none: EPSPs and IPSPs are summed up and if the net effect is excitatory - greater probability of an action potential. If the net effect is inhibitory, no action potential down the axon.
What are the three special cells of the Epidermis discussed in class?
What do they do?
Dendritic Cells: They are phagocytes, act to protect skin and underlying tissues from infection.
Tactile Cells: Act as sensory receptors for light touch.
Melanocytes: Produce the pigment melanin, which acts to absorb UV light from sunlight and provides skin color.
In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone - Harry broke his arm in a Quidditch match and later had to grow back two bones in his arm. What two bones were they?
Radius and Ulna
Judith fell and injured her largest and most complex synovial joint during a run in the winter. What joint is this?
Knee
Describe the process of summation.
Process by which the force of individual muscle fiber twitches combine when the frequency of stimulation increases
A woman is injured and feels great pain. What neurotransmitter is leading to the perception of pain in her PNS?
Substance P
Without looking at notes
Name 5 things that occur in the integument as an individual ages.
1. Cell cycle slows, age spots appear
2. Epidermis and Dermis become thinner
3. Loss of fat in subcutaneous layer: feel cold
4. Wrinkling, sagging of skin
5. Sebaceous glands secrete less oil
6. Melanin production slows: white hair
7. Hair thins
8. Number of hair follicles decreases
9. Nail growth slows
10. Sensory receptors decline
11. Body temperature regulation becomes less effective
12. Diminished ability to produce Vitamin D
Due to an unfortunate accident at work, a construction worker fractured his Talus, Navicular, and Cuneiform bones. Where are these located?
An elderly gentleman can no longer play tennis with his wife because of the pain he has in his wrists and finger joints. He has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis. What has changed as he has aged that causes him pain in these joints?
Wearing away of the articular cartilage.
A man is rowing a boat gently down a stream, but suffered an injury to his back and discovered that life is not a dream. He suffered a sprain to a muscle that originates on the occipital bone and spinous processes of his thoracic vertebrae and inserts on his clavicle and scapula.
What is the name of this muscle and what is its action?
Trapezius
Rotates and retracts scapula. Upper portion elevates scapula, lower portion depresses scapula
When dissecting the brain, a student discovers that there is white matter and gray matter.
What makes up white matter/gray matter?
White matter - Groups of myelinated axons
Gray Matter - Groups of unmyelinated cell bodies and axons.