Nervous System General
The CNS contains which two structures:
The brain and spinal cord
What 3 membrane proteins are involved in maintaining the resting membrane potential and which way are they moving ions?
Sodium and potassium leak channels, Na/K Pump
Sodium leaks in, potassium leaks out, Na/K pumps sodium out and potassium in
How do hormones travel to their targets?
In the bloodstream
T3 and T4 lead to
Increases in metabolism, HR and blood pressure
List 3 functions of the urinary system
regulate plasma volume
regulate plasma ion composition
regulate plasma pH
remove wastes/clean the blood
The branch of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the brain is the _______ and the path that takes information to effectors is the _______
Afferent and efferent
What is the resting membrane potential in a neuron? What about the muscle?
-70 and -90
What the difference between a primary and secondary endocrine organ? Give an example of each :)
Primary would be something like the adrenal glad, thyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, etc.
secondary could be the heart, kidneys, muscle, skin
Insulin leads to
a decrease in blood glucose by sending it into the cells
What percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
What was cardiac output?
20%
Cardiac output is typically measured as the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
The parasympathetic nervous system is also called the ________. If we have more parasympathetic tone, what would happen to HR, BP, digestion, and sexual arousal?
Also called the rest and digest
HR goes down, BP goes down, digestion increases, sexual arousal increases
The first step in the action potential once the membrane reaches threshold is:
What is a substance that could impair this?
The opening of sodium channels
TTX, lidocaine, other local anesthetics
Describe how negative feedback works to control hormone concentrations in the bloodstream?
IF something is too low then it is brought up and vice versa. The same magnitude that a hormone is off is the same magnitude the system works to correct it
The catecholamines are ____ and _____. They lead to
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Increases in HR, BP, metabolism, exercise type effects!
What are the 4 basic renal exchange processes and where are molecules moving in each one?
Filtration- from blood to kidney
Reabsorption- kidney to blood
Secretion- from blood to kidney
Excretion- from kidney to out
The most important parasympathetic nerve is the _____ _______. When this nerve is activated, it acts as a what?
Vagus nerve, acts as a brake
What ion is required to enter the axon terminal to allow the release of a neurotransmitter?
How does this ion get into the cell?
Calcium!
The action potential causes opening of voltage gated calcium channels allowing for calcium influx
Walk me through the process of increasing blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when BP drops
no typey look at slide
List 3 things cortisol does
extra 100 points: when is cortisol the highest?
increases breakdown of proteins and fats
increases blood glucose
decreases immune system function
Describe the creation of creatinine in the muscles, its accumulation in the blood, and why it is used to estimate GFR
typey typey typey
Tell me one similarity and one difference between an oligodendrocyte and a Schwann cell
What type of cells are these? What does their name mean in latin?
Both add myelin to a neuron, oligodendrocyte is in the CNS and schwann cells are PNS
They are glial cells which means glue
Walk me through all the steps of an action potential
too much typey
What happens when epinephrine binds to α1, β1, and β2 receptors? Where are those located?
α1- arteries, increases BP by constricting vessels
β1- heart, increases beat rate and pumping force
β2- lungs, bronchodilation
What do ACTH and TSH lead to?
ACTH- leaves the pituitary and tells the adrenal gland to release cortisol
TSH- leaves the pituitary gland and goes to the thyroid to stimulate the release of T3 and T4
Tell me about the heart and ANP release as well as its function in the kidney
Heart atria stretch, tells the body too much blood volume, heart releases ANP, ANP goes to the kidneys, decreases reabsorption of Na, causes more Na and water to be excreted