DNA, RNA, and COVID
TRUE/FALSE: There are 46 chromosomal pairs.
False, 46 total chromosomes, 23 pairs.
TRUE/FALSE: Humans get Vitamin D from the sun.
False, we get UV radiation from the sun which begins the reaction to create vitamin D.
TRUE/FALSE: Albinism is a lack of skin and hair pigment due to a lack of tyrosinase.
True
TRUE/FALSE: Dense irregular connective tissue makes up the periosteum.
True!
TRUE/FALSE: Appositional growth is an increase in the length of the bone.
False, this is the definition of interstitial growth. Appositional growth is the Deposition of surface bone which Increases width.
When the viral cell comes close to the host cell what cell surface extensions aid the virus in spreading? What molecule disguises/tricks our host cells into thinking that the virus is not an invader?
spike proteins; glycans
Which epidermal cells are immune cells with cell extensions into surrounding tight junctions?
Bonus +50 points: What's their job?
dendritic cells; move around in the skin and detect pathogens to alert the immune system to begin an immune response.
What does the E stand for when it comes to the ABCs of skin cancer identification?
E is for evolution-- change overtime, encompassing ABCD
Osteoblasts and osteocytes release this hormone to trigger the secretion of insulin in the pancreas.
osteocalcin
What bone disorder affects appositional growth?
acromegaly
List 2 differences between DNA and RNA.
1. different sugar on the molecule
2. DNA is a double helix, RNA is not
3. different nucleotides
Which stratum layer releases lipids to provide for the waterproofing function of the skin?
S. granulosum; releases granules of lipids
What skin markings are due to repetitive movements of joints?
flexion lines
Which bone tissue cells are responsible for sensing changes in stress placed on the bone?
Bonus 50+: what are the cells derived from?
osteocytes; osteoblasts
In the epiphyseal plate, which of the 5 zones includes the cessation of mitosis, chondrocytes enlarging, and thinning of lacuna walls?
zone of cell hypertrophy
Give 3 reasons why SARS-COV-2 is so successful.
1. Spike protein motility and quick fusing mechanism
2. direct entry of viral RNA into the host cell
3. immediate production of enzymatic proteins to cut up the host mRNA.
4. NSP1s inhibit host mRNA from leaving nucleus.
Which type of sweat glands are responsible for producing watery secretion as a part of insensible perspiration?
Which hemangioma is life-long, large, and a purple/pink color?
Port-wine stains
Which part of the matric (inorganic or organic) contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Bonus +50: What portion/percentage is this part of the matrix?
Inorganic matter; GAGs are found in the ground substance.
What hormones are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body?
PTH, calcitriol, calcitonin
Why is the mRNA vaccine given in the deltoid muscle? How do WBCs play into the vaccine?
This is an intramuscular injection, so the muscle fibers are surrounded by endomysium areolar tissue which is highly vascularized. Thus, WBCs are traveling through the blood flow. WBCs phagocytize the nanoparticles of the mRNA to begin producing antibodies.
List the layers of the skin from superficial to deep.
S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale, Dermis (papillary and dense irregular CT layer), and hypodermis
Natalie is at a bonfire with friends and decides to ignite the flame more by pouring gasoline on it. This causes the flames to burn her. When she arrives at the ER, what treatment will be done to get rid of the burnt tissue? What degree of burn would require her to have a skin graft? What kind of skin graft would be the most ideal?
debridement, 3rd degree, autograft
For each type of ossification, identify the following:
how each starts, the bones developed through each mechanism
Bonus 50+ if you can walk me through one ossification process.
Intramembranous: starts as a membrane, builds flat bones
Endochondral: begins as hyaline cartilage in the womb builds everything else but esp. long bones
What are the levels of normocalcemia? phosphate? Why is a narrow range for phosphate okay?
9.2-10.4, 3.5-4.0, phosphate is not highly regulated in the body because too little or too much does not cause dysfunction