Panic Disorder
List 3 symptoms of panic disorder.
Recurrent panic attacks (sweating, trembling, sensations of shortness of breath, etc.), at least some of the panic attacks are unexpected, panic attacks are followed by persistent worry about their recurrence, panic attacks are not limited to anxiety-provoking situations in the context of another mental disorder
List 2 symptoms of agoraphobia.
Marked and excessive fear or anxiety that occurs in, or in anticipation of, multiple situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available; the individual is consistently fearful or anxious about these situations due to a fear of specific negative outcomes such as panic attacks, symptoms of panic, or other incapacitating or embarrassing physical symptoms; the situations are actively avoided, are entered only under specific circumstances, or else are endured with intense fear or anxiety
What are the criteria to be diagnosed with MDD (length of time and what must be present)?
Symptoms consistently present for at least 2 weeks, with either depressed mood or anhedonia being present
List 2 examples of medication-based treatments for MDD.
SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs
What are the three subtypes of ADHD?
Hyperactive, inattentive, combined
List 2 common comorbidities associated with panic disorder.
Other anxiety disorders (specifically agoraphobia), major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, alcohol use disorder, increased risk for suicidal ideation or attempts, hyperthyroidism, asthma, COPD, arrhythmias, and irritable bowel syndrome
List 2 common comorbidities of agoraphobia.
Other anxiety disorders (specifically panic disorder), major depressive disorder, PTSD, alcohol use disorder (gender differences; males with agoraphobia are more likely to have comorbid substance abuse problems)
List 2 common comorbidities associated with MDD.
Substance abuse disorders, panic disorder, OCD, disordered eating, borderline personality disorder (BPD)
List 2 examples of non-medication based treatment options for MDD.
Psychodynamic therapy, CBT, behavioral activism, ACT
What activities are individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder likely to engage in?
Repeatedly checking their appearance in the mirror, avoiding social situations with heightened stress associated with their perceived flaw, attempting to hide or camouflage their perceived flaw
List 2 treatment options for panic disorder
SSRIs, benzodiazepines, anti-seizure medications, CBT (interoceptive exposure), some preliminary evidence for Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
What is the average age of onset for agoraphobia?
25-29 years old
Why is it hard to determine the prevalence of MDD?
MDD has a variable presentation and can present itself as episodic or chronic
Which populations have higher prevalence rates of MDD?
Women, Folks 18-25, Folks who identified as being members of 2 or more races/ethnic groups
What are risk factors for the development of Alcohol Use Disorder?
Low self esteem, history of engaging in risky behaviors, impulsive personality traits
List 3 factors that contribute to the development of panic disorder.
Possible genetic component, may be related to amygdala hyperactivity/hypersensitivity, association with neuroticism “personality” trait, strong association with anxiety sensitivity, history of medical issues, strong association with childhood experiences of physical and sexual abuse specifically, environmental stressors in weeks/months preceding first panic attack
List 2 treatment options that are used for treatment of agoraphobia
SSRIs; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); Unified Protocol
List 2 factors that contribute to the development of MDD.
Having a first degree family member that has MDD, neuroticism “personality” trait, adverse childhood experiences and stressful life events
List 2 symptoms of hoarding disorder.
Accumulation of possessions that results in living spaces becoming cluttered to the point that their use or safety is compromised; repetitive urges or behaviours related to amassing items, which may be passive or active; difficulty discarding possessions due to a perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding them.
Which mental health disorders have diagnostic modifiers related to insight?
Hoarding Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Which populations have higher prevalence rates of panic disorder?
non-Hispanic whites and First Nations’ folks, individuals aged 20-24 years old
List 3 risk factors that contribute to the development of agoraphobia.
Heritability rates from twin studies appear as high as 61% (biological), neuroticism “personality” trait (psychological), anxiety sensitivity and behavioral inhibition (psychological), childhood trauma and stress (environmental), early family life with “reduced warmth” and “overprotectiveness”.
What criteria is needed for “remission” of MDD?
A period of 2 months or more without “significant mood disturbance”
What are common comorbidities of body dysmorphic disorder?
OCD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance use
What is disulfiram used to treat, and how does it work?
Alcohol Use Disorder; causes unpleasant symptoms such as nausea by blocking the breakdown of alcohol in the body