Endocrine System
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by the hypothalamus?
The correct answer is "Vasopressin, oxytocin, and releasing hormones"
because these hormones are produced by the hypothalamus. The other options, cholesterol and prolactin, are not hormones produced by the hypothalamus
What is a characteristic of a graded potential?
The correct answer is "It requires the opening of voltage gated channels"
because a graded potential occurs when specific channels in the neuron's membrane open in response to a stimulus, allowing ions to flow across the membrane and causing a change in the membrane potential.
Which region of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information?
the correct answer is "Temporal lobe"
Because the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including sound recognition and comprehension of spoken language.
Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in temperature?
The correct answer is "Thermoreceptor"
Because the thermoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature. They are located in the skin and other tissues, allowing the body to sense and respond to temperature variations.
In the negative feedback regulation of the secretion of cortisol, which of the following would be an example of long loop feedback?
The correct answer is Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibition of the hypothalamus"
because long loop feedback involves the inhibition of the hypothalamus by its own hormone, CRH, in response to elevated cortisol levels. The other options are not examples of long loop feedback in the context of cortisol regulation
Given a neuron's resting membrane potential of -70mV and a threshold potential of -55mV, if a stimulus changes the membrane potential at a dendritic location from -70 mV to -90 mV, and at the axon hillock from -70 mV to -80 mV, what does this demonstrate?
The correct answer is "All of these statements are correct."
This is because the described scenario demonstrates several concepts related to neuronal signaling, including the decremental nature of graded potentials, the generation of inhibitory graded potentials, and the suprathreshold nature of the graded potential at the axon hillock.
What is the primary function of the thalamus in sensory processing?
The correct answer is "Transmission of sensory information to the cerebral cortex"
Because the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, receiving input from sensory receptors throughout the body and transmitting this information to the cerebral cortex for further processing and perception.
What is the role of the vestibular system in sensory processing?
The correct answer is "Maintaining balance and spatial orientation"
Because the vestibular system, located in the inner ear, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by detecting changes in head position and movement. It helps us stay upright and navigate our environment.
Which of the following could lead to a reduction in the effect of a hormone in the body?
The correct answer is "Both hyposecretion and presence of exogenous hormones"
because both scenarios can lead to a reduction in the effect of a hormone. Up regulation of the hormone receptor would enhance the hormone's effect, and hyposecretion of a hormone would decrease its effect.
What type of synapse is formed when the presynaptic component is a neuron axon and the postsynaptic component is a neuron dendrite?
The correct answer is "Axodendritic synapse"
because this type of synapse involves communication between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, which is the scenario described in the question.
Which brainwave pattern is typically associated with deep sleep stages?
The correct answer is "Delta waves"
Because Delta waves are associated with deep sleep stages, particularly stage 3 (NREM sleep), which is characterized by slow-wave sleep and is essential for restorative functions such as tissue repair and growth.
How does the brain process olfactory information?
The correct answer is "Through the olfactory bulb's analysis of odor molecules"
Because the olfactory information is processed in the olfactory bulb, where odor molecules are analyzed and interpreted. This initial processing is crucial for our sense of smell and the perception of different odors.
Which of the following would be the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty?
The correct answer is "Acromegaly"
because hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty can lead to this condition, which is characterized by excessive growth of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face. Gigantism occurs when there is excessive growth hormone secretion before puberty, leading to abnormal growth in height
During the peak phase of an action potential, what happens to the voltage-gated channels of a neuron axon?
The correct answer is "Sodium channels shift to inactive"
because during the peak phase of an action potential, sodium channels undergo a transition from open to inactive state, which contributes to the repolarization of the membrane potential.
How does the brain process emotional experiences?
The correct answer is "Through the amygdala's role in emotional memory and response"
Becauese the amygdala is involved in the processing and regulation of emotional experiences, including the formation and storage of emotional memories and the generation of emotional responses to stimuli.
What is the role of endorphins in pain modulation?
The correct answer is "Endorphins act as neurotransmitters that inhibit pain signals"
Because endorphins are natural opioids produced by the body that act as neurotransmitters. They bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the inhibition of pain signals and the modulation of pain perception.
Which of the following is a form of hyposecretion of cortisol?
The correct answer is "Addison disease"
because it is a form of hyposecretion of cortisol. Cushing’s disease and syndrome are associated with hypersecretion of cortisol, and they are not forms of hyposecretion.
If a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70mV and a threshold potential of -55mV receives simultaneous stimuli producing an EPSP of 25 mV and an IPSP of 15 mV, what will happen?
The correct answer is "The neuron will depolarize"
because the combined EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) of 25 mV and IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) of 15 mV results in a net depolarization of 10 mV, which is sufficient to reach the threshold for an action potential.
What role does the cerebellum play in motor coordination?
The correct answer is "Fine-tuning and coordinating muscle movements"
Because the cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining posture and balance, and fine-tuning motor skills. It receives input from the sensory systems and the cerebral cortex to integrate and modulate motor commands.
Damage to which area of the brain would result in the loss of proprioception?
The correct answer is "Dorsal root ganglion"
Because the dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons that carry proprioceptive information from the body to the central nervous system. Damage to this area can result in the loss of proprioception, which is the sense of the position and movement of the body.