Evolution is complex
Sexual Selection
Speciation
Phylogeny
Not a clue...
100
Allopatric Speciation includes ____ barriers over ____ periods of time.
Sympatric speciation includes _____ barriers over _____ periods of time.
a) physical, long
b) genetic, short
100
Define sexual selection
A mode of selection in which members of one sex (usually females) choose mates of the other sex (usually males) to mate with.
100
Describe the Biological Species Concept
Species are defined by their ability to interbreed AND produce fertile offspring.
100
Define homologous traits.
Given that bats and flies do not share a common ancestor, are bat and fly wings homologous?
Shared traits inherited from a common ancestor.
No. These are analogous structures.
100
Fitness is ___
relative
200
In humans, the average weight of human babies is just over 7 lbs at birth. Babies that weigh much less than this have been correlated with lower survival. Babies that weigh much more than this have been correlated with lower maternal survival. What type of selection does this represent?
Stabilizing Selection
200
Define sexual dimorphism and give an example.
Distinct difference in size or appearance between males and females
Ex: male yellow warblers are bright yellow with red streaks on the chest and white-spotted tails. Females are duller with only faint streaks on the chest
200
What are the 3 requirements for speciation to occur?
a.) Isolating mechanism
b.) Genetic divergence (over time)
c.) Reproductive isolation
200
In a cladogram, there is a clade of several mammals: humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs.
a.) All of these mammals have opposable thumbs, but the common ancestor does not. This trait is derived and can be defined as a ________.
b.) Humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs all share the ancestral state of having a backbone. This is defined as a _________
a.) synapomorphy
b.) symplesiomorphy
200
_____ is selection that confers a survival/reproductive advantage.
____ is selection that confers a advantage in finding/reproducing with a mate
a) Natural selection
B) sexual selection
300
Hox genes are described as "highly conserved". What does this mean?
Hox genes are genetic sequences that have remained relatively unchanged through evolutionary time.
300
Describe how bright, elaborate feathering in male peacocks is an evolutionary tradeoff.
The bigger feathers are energetically draining and make flying difficult. Additionally, the bright coloring makes males more easily spotted by predators. Both these factors indicate that it is a survival disadvantage to have bright feathering. However, because males are competing for females, they are more likely to reproduce and pass on genes if they have brighter, more elaborate feathering than other males.
300
Most apple trees are diploids. However, during mitosis or meiosis, nondisjunction can occur, resulting in triploid offspring. While these triploids can still receive pollination, they can only do so with compatible apple trees (i.e. trees that bloom at the same time). Over generations, the triploid genetic information is passed on and future offspring can no longer be pollinated by diploid apple trees. This is an example of...
Sympatric Speciation
300
In Washington state, birch trees, Sitka spruce trees, Douglas fir trees, and Ponderosa pine trees are common. Which of these could be correctly defined as an outgroup?
Birch trees (deciduous vs coniferous)
300
Describe each of these models of addressing faith and science:
a.) Conflict
b.) Complementarity
c.) Independence
d.) Qualified Agreement Model (NOMA)
a.) Faith and science are not in agreement with one another.
b.) Faith and science can both contribute to understanding how the world works.
c.) Faith and science are used to describe 2 different realms: science is for the natural world and faith is for the supernatural world.
d.) If there is tension between faith and science, it is because there is insufficient knowledge.
400
Give an example of directional selection
400
In pipefish, typical sex roles are reversed, and males are responsible for the care of offspring, and even have a "brooding pouch" for females to place eggs in. Because males are responsible for offspring, they have a greater ______ than females, and choose their mates. Females that are larger and more brightly colored are selected by males as ideal mates. These phenotypic traits are known as _______ and indicate ________ to the males.
a.) parental investment
b.) ornamentation
c.) "good genes"
400
In a neighborhood in Spokane there is a rampant bunny population. One day however a highway gets put in right through the middle of the neighborhood. After long periods of time (1000s of generations) the once one bunny population now is two unique species. What happened here?
ec 100 pts for explaining the process in detail
- allopatric speciation. The physical barrier separated the bunny population so the could no longer breed with each other, after many generations and acquiring unique mutations in the specific populations they become so unique they can not interbreed. Speciation
400
_______ is a method of classification based on shared derived characteristics from a common ancestor
_______ is a visual depiction of evolutionary relationship of organisms
a) cladistics
b) cladogram
400
Which scenario is an example of allopatric speciation? Why?
A.A river separates members of a squirrel population that used to occupy the same geographical area
B.Houseflies from a certain region migrate and interbreed with a different housefly population in a neighboring area
C.Hawks with thin, sharp beaks primarily eat fish and small rodents, while hawks with larger beaks tend to eat reptiles and larger birds
D.A river separates members of a squirrel population that used to occupy the same geographical area
D.A river separates members of a squirrel population that used to occupy the same geographical area
500
Chimpanzees are highly territorial primates that live in a hierarchy. Mating strategies by males are hugely determinant in the passing on of genes to future progeny. Large males (or alphas) are at the top of the hierarchy, and mate with many females in a given territory. Small males are not able to mate as freely, and reproduce with females by sneaking around the alpha male and quickly mating with females in the alpha's territory. Males that are not large enough or fast enough to reproduce in either of these ways are unlikely to have progeny. This is an example of...
Disruptive selection
500
Of these options, which are most important for sexual selection to occur?
a.) Good genes and ornamentation
b.) Sexual dimorphism and anisogamy
c.) Competition for and choice of mates
d.) Parental investment and competition
c.) competition for and choice of mates
500
One species of organisms living in the same valley begin to diverge from each other over time and eventually two distinct species emerge that no longer mate with members of the other group. What type of speciation is this?
Sympatric speciation
500
Pelicans, swans, falcons, and hummingbirds are all capable of flying. However, hummingbirds and falcons are also capable of hovering while they fly. Here are 2 hypotheses for evolution:
a.) Pelicans, swans, falcons, and hummingbirds all have the same common ancestor, but falcons and hummingbirds have a derived trait that enables them to hover while flying.
b.) Pelicans and swans share a common ancestor, but hummingbirds and falcons each have separate common ancestors, and have evolved independently to hover while flying.
Which of these hypotheses would you choose? Why?
Is it possible for either of these hypotheses to be correct? Is it possible for either to be wrong?
According to the principle of parsimony, the hypothesis that fits the data and presents the simplest explanation is the hypothesis that should be chosen (in this case, a). Having a single common ancestor is much simpler than having 3 common ancestors. However, because these are hypotheses, either hypothesis could be correct.
500
In your own words, define and give an example of a symplesiomorphy and a synapomorphy.
synapomorphy: A trait shared between two species is derived, more recent, an event happened which created the new trait in more recent species. Leads to correct answer.
symplesiomorphy:Thinking that a trait shared between two species is older and the third w/o it has lost it. Incorrect.