Blood
45% of the blood is made up of...
a. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
b. Erythrocytes
c. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma
d. Plasma
a. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes
A person with type A blood
a. Has anti-A antibodies
b. Has B antigens
c. Will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood
d. All of these are correct
c. Will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood
The thymus
a. Is located in the abdominal cavity
b. Produces B cells and T cells
c. Increases in size as adults
d. Is the location in which T cells develop
d. Is the location in which T cells develop
What is the method by which natural killer cells defend the body against pathogens?
a. By secreting antibodies
b. By ingesting pathogens (phagocytosis) and presenting parts of the antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system
c. By inducing apoptosis
d. By secreting pyrogens, which induce fever and cause inflammation to occur
c. By inducing apoptosis
B cells
a. are processed in the thymus
b. originate in red bone marrow
c. are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
d. attack infected cells
b. Originate in red bone marrow
A male patient's hematocrit is 58%. What could this indicate?
a. Dehydration
b. That it is within normal range
c. Anemia
d. They have a vitamin K deficiency
a. Dehydration
Pernicious anemia
a. An autoimmune disease that interferes with the body's ability to produce intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that is needed to absorb vitamin B12
b. Often accompanies renal disease as the kidneys cannot produce enough EPO
c. Characterized by the destruction of red bone marrow
d. Often occurs due to poor nutrition, specifically iron
a. An autoimmune disease that interferes with the body's ability to produce intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that is needed to absorb vitamin B12
(b: renal anemia, c: aplastic anemia, d: iron-deficiency anemia)
Which of the following is not correct regarding T cells?
a. They are agranulocytes
b. They are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
c. They can be activated without help from B cells
d. T cells target intracellular antigens
b. They are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
All of the following are examples of innate immunity EXCEPT...
a. Basophils and mast cells secrete histamine which induces inflammation and brings more cells to the site of infection
b. Interferons prevent viral reproduction
c. Physical barriers prevent the entry of microbes (skin and mucous membranes) or remove them (tears, saliva and mucus)
d. APCs stimulate the proliferation of helper T cells, which stimulate the proliferation of B cells, which produce antibodies
e. The complement cascade is activated
d. APCs stimulate the proliferation of helper T cells, which stimulate the proliferation of B cells, which produce antibodies
Which of the following antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction?
a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgD
e. IgE
e. IgE
Which of the following proteins gets converted to fibrin during coagulation?
a. Thrombin
b. Fibrinogen
c. Albumin
d. Hemoglobin
e. Factor X
b. Fibrinogen
A white blood cell count above 11,000/μl may be indicative of:
a. HIV
b. Radiation posioning
c. A side effect of cancer treatment
d. A healthy person
e. An infection, such as a cold or flu
e. An infection, such as a cold or flu
Which of the following are mechanisms of antibodies?
a. Attaching to mast cells and basophils to initiate inflammation
b. Activating complement via the classical pathway
c. Causing agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells
d. Acting as opsonins, which make antigens more susceptible to phagocytes
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Inflammation is triggered by the release of:
a. Histamine
b. Interleukins
c. Prostaglandins
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Antibody-mediated immunity
a. Works best against intracellular pathogens
b. Regulates the activity of T cells
c. Cannot be transferred from one person to another
d. Is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions
d. Is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells is mostly secreted by
a. The liver
b. The spleen
c. The kidneys
d. Bone marrow
e. The lungs
c. The kidneys
Which of the following is NOT true about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
a. It attacks the body's TH cells, crippling the immune system
b. HIV enters the cell and uses reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that turns viral RNA into viral DNA
c. An infection of HIV may not lead to a diagnosis of AIDS for years of chronic infection, as it slowly surpresses the immune system
d. The only way to acquire HIV is through sexual intercourse
e. AIDS is diagnosed when: CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 or an opportunistic infection occurs
d. The only way to acquire HIV is through sexual intercourse
The cisterna chyli is a dilation at the base of the thoracic duct that collects lymph from the:
a. Upper limbs
b. Lower limbs
c. Abdomen and pelvis
d. Head and neck
c. Abdomen and pelvis
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
a. Antibody production
b. Rapid response upon exposure to a pathogen
c. Memory response
d. Antigen specificity
b. Rapid response upon exposure to a pathogen
Which of these is not a function of T cells?
a. Secrete cytokines
b. Increase the activity of immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages, by secreting chemical messengers
c. Locate and kill cells that exhibit foreign antigens on their MHC class I proteins
d. Directly produce antibodies after the first response to an antigen
d. Directly produce antibodies after the first response to an antigen
The intrinsic pathway begins with ______ and the extrinsic pathway begins with ________.
a. Factor XII; release of thromboplastin from damaged tissue
b. Von willebrand factor; thromboplasin from damaged tissue
c. Factor XI; release of thrombin from damaged tissue
d. Release of thrombinogin from damaged tissue; Factor XII
e. Tissue plasminogen activator; Factor X
a. Factor XII; release of thromboplastin from damaged tissue
Which of the following diseases is not an example of an autoimmune disease?
a. Type I diabetes mellitus
b. Multiple sclerosis
c. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
d. Graves' disease
c. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
The primary function of lymphatic capillaries is to:
a. Exchange gases between blood and tissues
b. Transport lymphocytes to lymph nodes
c. Absorb excess interstitial fluid
d. Pump lymph back to the heart
c. Absorb excess interstitial fluid
Which of the following is a function of interferons?
a. A virus infected cell releases interferons which help warn neighboring cells and stimulate proteins that block viral reproduction
b. Neutrophils and macrophages release interferons to enhance inflammation
c. They function in T cell activation, acting as costimulation
d. They act as pyrogens, stimulating fever by acting on the hypothalamus
a. A virus infected cell releases interferons which help warn neighboring cells and stimulate proteins that block viral reproduction
How does the absence of helper T cells affect the antibody-mediated immune response?
a. Neither B cells nor T cells are stimulated to respond to a pathogen; therefore, no immune response occurs.
b. Cytotoxic T cells proliferate.
c. Class II MHC proteins appear in the cell membrane.
d. Immune response is unaffected by loss of helper T cells.
a. Neither B cells nor T cells are stimulated to respond to a pathogen; therefore, no immune response occurs.