Respiration Anatomy
Name the cavity that extends from the nares to pharynx (air enters here during restful breathing).
nasal cavity
Name the volume of air that cannot be expelled during expiration.
residual volume
The space between the vocal folds is called the _____.
glottis
Vibration of the vocal folds is caused by _________.
airflow flowing through the tissue (phonation is aided and modified by laryngeal muscle contraction)
What is a glottal attack?
when vocal fold adduction occurs before expiration
Name the region within the thorax that includes the heart, trachea, blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and lymph vessels.
mediastinum
Inspiration can be ____ or ____. Expiration can be ____ or ____.
Quiet or forced
Passive or active
The laryngeal cartilage that is narrow in front and taller in back is called the ____.
cricoid cartilage
Describe glottal fry.
register that involves irregular vibration of the vocal folds, resulting in lower pitch and creaky sounding voice
non-vocal sound production that involves laryngeal gestures, partial vocal fold adduction causes turbulence as noise source
What internal organ has no intrinsic muscles?
What are the five main pressures of respiration and where do they occur?
Atmospheric - in atmosphere (reference point for measuring other pressures)
Intraoral – within oral cavity
Subglottal - below vocal folds
Alveolar – within individual alveolus
Intrapleural – between parietal and visceral pleura (normally negative)
When you palpate your Adam’s Apple, you are feeling the ______.
thyroid notch
Name and describe the three biological functions of the larynx.
Protecting airway during swallowing (preventing food or liquid from entering trachea and lungs)
Regulating airflow during breathing
Assisting in thoracic fixation by closing vocal folds to increase intra-abdominal pressure, allowing for stronger force for activities such as coughing and lifting
What are the functions of the oblique and transverse muscles?
to pull the arytenoids together, assisting with adduction (together these muscles are called the interarytenoids)
The transverse foramen is only present in _________ vertebrae.
cervical
Name and describe the four steps of gas exchange.
Ventilation: movement of air in respiratory pathway
Distribution: distribution of air to 300 million alveoli
Perfusion: migration of oxygen-deficient blood to capillaries that supply the alveoli
Diffusion: gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane
Use directional terms and other anatomical structures to describe where the larynx is located.
Superior to the trachea
Inferior to the hyoid bone
Adjacent to C4-C6 (adult)
Anterior of the neck
Compare and contrast the roles of the cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints.
cricoarytenoid joint adducts and abducts the vocal folds, while the cricothyroid joint lengthens the vocal folds (increasing tension and controlling pitch)
Name the seven laryngeal elevators.
Diagastricus (anterior and posterior)
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Thryopharyngeus
Describe the functions (expiration versus inspiration) of the different regions of the internal intercostal muscles.
non-chrondral portion is involved in expiration (primarily muscles of expiration)
only chondral portion (near chrondral aspect of ribs near sternum) is involved in forced inspiration
Briefly explain expiration for speech (hint: think of the changing pressures and what needs to happen at each stage).
When exhalation begins, the checking action is needed to counteract pressure as we speak
Next, the pressure is correct for speech as we continue to speak
Then, there is not enough pressure and the internal intercostals contract (expiratory muscles) so that we can continue to speak
When no more pressure can be generated, we inhale again
Name the two pairs of processes on the arytenoid cartilages and describe their location and what attaches to them (generally).
Muscular processes: project laterally, attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct vocal folds
Vocal processes: project anteriorly towards thyroid notch, posterior attachment for vocal folds
Describe the Bernoulli effect.
Air from lungs passes through vocal folds
Velocity of air increases at area of constriction, which causes drop in pressure
Lower pressure then pulls vocal folds together
Describe one cycle of vocal fold vibration (onset phase, phonation phase, and termination phase).
1. Onset:
-vocal folds in adducted position
2. Phonation:
-subglottal air pressure rises to 3-5 cm H2O
-vocal folds separate at inferior aspect and then superior aspect
-vocal folds are blown open
-Bernoulli effect and tissue elasticity bring folds back together
-folds make contact inferiorly to superiorly (same as opening)
3. Termination:
-posterior cricoarytenoids contract to abduct folds