Cumulative Content
What structures are found in all cells?
Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, genetic material, cell membrane, cytosol
What is the Central Dogma? Draw out the pathway
DNA->RNA->Protein (Transcription to Translation)
What is the function of the repressor and what does it bind to to prevent transcription?
It prevents the operator from working
What is the IRE and when does it become the IRE-BP?
The iron responding element and then becomes the IRE-BP when it connects to a protein
Write out the four protein structures. In denaturation what breaks down and what does not?
Primary-polypeptide chain
Secondary- alpha helices and beta sheets
Tertiary- backbone interactions from secondary
Quaternary- many tertiary structures
All but the polypeptide chain break down in denaturation; examples include frying an egg (high heat) and placing a basic amino acid in an acidic solution
When are cells diploid and when are cells haploid?
Diploid in mitosis and until telophase of meiosis 1 and haploid from telophase of meiosis 1 until the end of meiosis 2
What cell types use reverse transcriptase?
Viruses- important not all viruses do this
What is the promoter and what is the positive regulator in the lac operon?
Binds to RNA polymerase and allows transcription; CRP-cAMP is the positive regulator
What is the function of the instability elements?
Transferrin must bind to the instability elements to allow translation to go
What is the function of RNA polymerase and what interaction does it have with the promoter?
Connects to the promoter to begin transcription
46 in meiosis. 92 in mitosis
What base pairs exist in DNA? RNA? Which are purines/pyrimidines and which are stronger?
A-T, G-C RNA specific A-U Purines=guanine and adenine and Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
G-C is stronger has 1 more bond
What happens with low glucose, high lactose and what does allolactose do? Vice versa?
Low glucose high lactose- transcription of the operon goes, allowing for allolactose production which binds the repressor. High glucose (low/high lactose) glucose is preferentially used with some lactose made in high lactose but not much
What is ferritin and what is transferrin?
Ferritin stores iron and transferrin moves iron into the cell
What bonds are present that contribute to the stability of the DNA double helix?
hydrogen bonds between different strands
What are Mendel's 2 laws you need to know and what do they say?
Independent Assortment- alleles of the same gene assort independently
Segregation- alleles of different genes segregate
What happens in eukaryotic transcription but not prokaryotic transcription?
Speed, nucleus then cytoplasm, mRNA processing through alternative splicing.
What do high levels of CRP-cAMP mean? Low levels?
low glucose high lactose (transcription goes) high glucose low lactose (or high) no transcription
Write out what happens when transferrin is present in the cell; what about ferritin?
There has to be low iron, and the complex is bound to allow the instability elements. There has to be high iron, the complex is unbound
What do you need to have before starting translation?
Met- the start codon
How do linked genes violate Mendel's laws? Give an example of this.
Genes that are linked stay together and do not recombine. Recombinant genes are <25% and nonrecombinant are >25%
Write out the translation pattern in the ribosomal site. I.e. what does the E, P, and A site do
a tRNA complementary to next codon binds to A site, a reaction transfers the Met to the amino acid on the tRNA forming a peptide bond, polypeptide bond moves to P site and the uncharged tRNA moves out and through the E site where a new tRNA bonds at the A site
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides and these nucleotide base pairs- A-T, G-C
What are the monomers of protein?
Amino acids
How is DNA read and how is mRNA transcribed?
3'-5', 5'-3'