Enzymes
Are enzymes used up in a reaction?
No - they are reused! (They are catalysts)
What is the general formula for respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What type of fermentation will animals undergo?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pepsin is a enzyme located in the stomach. The stomach has a pH of 2. What is this enzymes pH optimum?
2
This is because most enzymes have the pH optimum that matches the pH of their environment.
What is the name of the enzyme used in the transition step?
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport in light reaction?
Ferredoxin
What is the net energy yield in transition step of cellular respiration?
2 NADH
What is denaturation?
When protein loses its 3D shape and becomes an unfolded chain of AA, resulting in improper protein function
What is the net energy yield per glucose in Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH
What occurs in stage 2 of the Calvin Cycle?
Sugars are rearranged and reduced using ATP and NADPH
PGA --> G3P
Where will a competitive inhibitor bind?
Active Site
How do enzymes lower the activation energy?
Enzymes interact with the substrate and provide alternate transition state/ different intermediate with a lower activation energy.
What are the names if the mobile electron carriers in ETC?
Coenzyme Q/ Ubiquinone & Cytochrome C
What is the importance of water splitting during the light reaction?
Replaces the electrons in PSII so another photon of light can be absorbed
List the path of an electron, from FADH2, in the ETC of the mitochondria. (Hint: Don't forget the final electron acceptor!)
Complex 2 --> Coenzyme Q --> Complex 3 --> Cytochrome C --> Complex 4 --> O2
Where will an allosteric activator bind? (Name site and subunit) The binding of this effector will result in which form of the enzyme?
Bind on the allosteric site of regulatory subunit.
Result in the enzyme being in its high affinity form. (On/ Active)
How much ATP is made by oxidative phosphorylation during anaerobic respiration?
None! Its anaerobic phosphorylation - so ETC/ ATP Synthase is not being used
What 2 reactions can rubisco perform?
Carboxylase activity - Carbon Fixation
Oxygenase activity - Photorespiration
When do C4 plants outcompete C3 plants? (What conditions?)
Hot dry conditions & high light intensity