CBT/ Behavioral Therapy
Why was the study of behaviorism created/ how is it different from other types of therapy?
reaction to psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory, emphasized scientific method and empiricism, argued that only observable behavior should be examined, emphasized that human behavior is no different than animal behavior, etc.
Why was humanistic therapy developed?
Shortcomings of psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic/ and early wave of behaviorism- perceived as being too removed or cold, perceived as deterministic, criticized for being mechanistic
What are the six core principles of ACT? (the hexaflex)
present (past-future), acceptance (experiential avoidance), defusion (cognitive fusion), self as context, committed action (inaction/ stuck), values (lack of direction)
What are the 4 skill areas of DBT?
mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness
What are the three aspects of CBT that interact (hint: therapists use these to explain how to change a client's perception)?
Thoughts- what we think affects how we feel and act, emotions- what we feel affects how we think, behaviors- what we do affects affects how we think and feel
What is the differences between self-actualization and positive regard?
Self-actualization- main goal of therapy is to foster self actualization
Positive regard- warmth, love, and compassion, "Prizing," mental health challenges emerge when positive regard is conditional rather than unconditional
What is the connection between mindfulness and ACT?
mindfulness is the ability to bring focused attention to bear in a way that is deliberate and flexible, this is a skill: we can cultivate it and get better, meditation can be mindfulness, but not all mindfulness is meditation, (breathing, for example)
What key theorists were involved in classical conditioning? Who were the key theorists involved in operant conditioning?
CC- Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Mary Cover-Jones
OC- Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner
Explain the four terms used in classical conditioning and provide an example of each.
Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that is not learned (food), unconditioned response- response that is not learned (drooling), conditioned stimulus- stimulus that is learned (bell), conditioned response- response that is learned (drooling)
Empathy- can you only empathize with someone if you have walked in their shoes?
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuineness- being "yourself" in the therapy room
Therapist attitudes more important than behaviors
Use of reflective statements- it sounds like you're feeling like this is that correct?
What are some of the pros and cons of ACT?
Pros- strong evidence base for a wide variety of disorders, multiculturally sensitive therapy, useful broadly (not for all people with specific diagnoses)
Cons- can be abstract/ intellectual, does not directly emphasize symptom reduction (though this may be a byproduct), may require more training to effectively deliver
Explain the study on Little Albert. Who conducted this study and what was learned?
Watson wanted to determine if Pavlov's work could be used to understand development of fear in humans, Little Albert- conditioned fear of a white rat, Albert's fear generalized to other objects
Explain the process of habituation.
When an organism's response to a stimulus decreases over time or after being repeated (provided that the stimulus is not threatening).
Explain the differences between Fritz Perls and Carl Rogers and their therapy approaches.
Fritz Perls- acerbic, confrontational, eccentric, developed Gestalt therapy (sub type of humanistic therapy)
Carl Rogers- warm, kind, compassion (like Mr. Rogers), developed person-centered therapy: human suffering is derived from incongruence
What is distress tolerance? What does TIPP stand for? (DBT)
Distress tolerance is to survive crisis situations without making them worse, accept reality and become free of having to satisfy the demands of your own desires, urges, and emotions,
T- temperature, I- intense exercise, P-paced breathing, P- paired muscle relaxation
What are some of the shortcomings of Humanistic therapy?
Lengthy treatment, not problem focused (or not diagnostically focused), some patients do not like non-directive therapy styles
What is the difference between positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative, P, and negative R.
Positive punishment is adding a stimulus and decreasing a behavior. Positive reinforcement is adding a stimulus and increasing a behavior. Negative reinforcement is removing a stimulus and increasing a behavior. Negative punishment is removing a stimulus and decreasing a behavior.
Explain the difference between real and ideal self along with congruence and incongruence.
real vs. ideal- who we are in day to day life vs. how we see ourselves (most self-actualized self)
congruence vs. incongruence- incongruence is when our real and ideal selves do not align, theorized that this causes suffering
What is emotion regulation? What does DEAR MAN stand for (consider interpersonal effectiveness skills)?
Emotion regulation- check the facts (does the emotion match the facts of the situation), opposite action (engaging in behaviors that are opposite of our emotion), problem solving (if our emotion does fit the facts, engage in problem solving to address any barriers to getting what you need)
DEAR MAN- describe, express, assert, reinforce, (stay) mindful, appear confident, negotiate
What are 1-2 other humanistic therapy variations?
Existential Therapy- meaning making in life
Gestalt Therapy- focus is present moment, particularly physical experiences in the present
Motivational Interviewing- effective in helping individuals struggling with substance abuse problems
Positive Psychology- emphasizes strengths rather than weaknesses/ shortcomings
Emotion Focused Therapy- acknowledging emotions in the present moment. emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation