Digestion
Name 2 ways the mouth starts digestion
Mastication
Salivary enzymes
Moistens food
What is the main function of carbs in the body?
the provide energy
Proteins are comprised of Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and which other unique atom?
Nitrogen
What is the simplest form of a lipid molecule, which can also be used to make ketones?
fatty acids
Which kind of fatty acid is a liquid at room temperature? A solid?
mono & polyunsaturated fatty acids: liquid
saturated fatty acids: solid
What is food called when it's swallowed?
A bolus
What part of the body ONLY can run off of glucose
Red blood cells
If the body does not consume enough of the essential amino acids, and therefore is lacking in the amino acids needed to create a protein, what happens to the production of protein?
It stops.
How many double bonds does a saturated fatty acid contain?
0!
Where are phospholipids found abundantly in cells?
Phospholipid bi-layer of cell walls
What is food called when it leaves the stomach into the small intestine?
Chyme
What is the main carbohydrate in table sugar? What 2 monosaccharides make up this dissarcharide?
Sucrose: fructose + glucose
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Eggs
Dairy
Soy
Quinoa
Which part of a triglyceride molecule can be made into glucose?
glycerol
Which hormone is released when the stomach is empty (makes your stomach 'growl')
Ghrelin
What is the primary site of absorption?
small intestine
What percentage of total energy intake should come from carbohydrates?
45-65%
What is a complementary protein?
Two protein foods that each have a different limiting amino acid; when eaten together, all essential amino acids are present.
What is hydrogenation?
Process of adding hydrogen atoms to a polyunsaturated fatty acid to make it more stable (extend shelf-life of product), which in turn creates a trans-fat
What 2 hormones are released by the pancreas, one which lowers blood sugar and the other which raises it?
Insulin & glucagon
Aside from chewing, where does digestion begin for each macronutrient.
Carbs- mouth (salivary amylase)
Lipids- mouth (salivary lipase)
Protein- stomach (HCl causes denaturation)
Liver and skeletal muscle
negative: loss (ex: malnutrition)
Describe the process of lipid absorption and transport in the body.
Small intestine: lipids combine with bile acids, absorbed into lymphatic system. Large chylomicrons first travel lymphatic system delivering triglycerides to cells. Arrive at liver for 'repackaging' into VLDL cholesterol (now mostly cholesterol) which travels blood stream. Back to liver, then LDL (mostly cholesterol) travels blood stream. Finally, liver distributes HDL cholesterol (mostly protein) to pick up cholesterol remnants and return to liver (lowering blood cholesterol)
Name the 3 disaccharides and the enzymes that convert them into monosaccharides
Sucrose-> sucrase-> fructose + glucose
Maltose-> maltase-> glucose + glucose
Lactose-> lactase-> galactose + glucose