Energy Systems
What does steady-state exercise mean?
Steady-state exercise is a type of exercise you'll be able to maintain for a prolonged period of time, you will be in the oxidative system.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme?
PFK
How much ATP is yielded from oxidative phosphorylation in the cytoplasm?
0 ATP, since we only make ATP via SLP in the cytoplasm
How much ATP is produced from the NADH+H+ in the cytoplasm?
0, it only drops off hydrogen at the hydrogen ion shuttle or attaches it to pyruvate.
How many essential and non-essential amino acids are there?
9 Essential
11 Non-essential
What is used (specifically) during the first 3 seconds of the onset of high-intensity exercise?
Stored ATP
Which of the following enzymes is required to resynthesize ATP at high-intensity exercises?
A. Adenylate Kinase
B. Creatine Kinase
C. Synthase
D. ATPase
When we start with muscle glycogen how much ATP is yielded from the breakdown of that molecule? And why is that? NET TERMS
3 ATP, since we don't have that initial ATP investment
What is involved in the steps from converting pyruvate into acetyl Co-A?
Coenzyme-A, 1 CO2 and NADH+H+
What are the 5 molecules that can undergo gluconeogensis?
APLOK
Why is it that we cannot sustain both the ATP-PCr system and the anaerobic glycolytic system?
They have a very high energy demand and we cannot keep up with that demand very well. Thus, we have an accumulation of H+ ions which causes acidity levels to rise within our cells.
What does the enzyme adenylate kinase do and what 2 molecules are needed to undergo this process?
2 ADP, they react with eachother and create ATP and AMP
Oxidation produces more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis?
T/F
True
In gross terms, how much ATP is synthesized via Oxidative Phosphorylation?
26-28 ATP
What is the breakdown of glucose?
Breakdown of glycogen?
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
While doing wall sits for a total of a minute and 30 seconds, which of the following would be elevated during the bout of exercise?
A. pH of the muscle
B. LDH activity
C. Hexokinase activity
D. PFK activity
B, C, and D
What is the difference in enzymes between the anaerobic breakdown of a blood glucose molecule and a muscle glycogen?
Hexokinase- BG
G.P.- Muscle Glycogen
What are the 2 fates for lactate
Sent to the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis
Converted back to Pyruvate by removing 2 H+ ions
What is created from the citric acid cycle?
3 NADH+H+,2 CO2,1 FADH2, ATP via SLP
Who is in a negative nitrogen balance?
Long duration, athletes, low carb, low calorie, diet, and excessive protein intake
Cody is jogging with his dog at 6 mph for 20 minutes. While jogging if he uses muscle glycogen for energy production, which of the following could be produced in total from glycolysis?
A. 2 ATP NET
B. 3 ATP NET
C. 26 ATP via Oxidative Phosphorylation
D. 31 ATP NET TOTAL
B. 3 ATP NET
At around 10 seconds of high-intensity exercise what enzymes are being stimulated in the cell?
Hexokinase, G.P., LDH and PFK (glycolytic enzymes)
What molecule dictates how much fast we can undergo anaerobic glycolysis?
NAD+, this molecule will dictate how fast we are able to attach Hydrogen ions to pyruvate and create lactate. If we are able to use NAD+ quicker we will be able to produce ATP quicker.
What is the function of NAD+ in the cytoplasm vs the mitochondria?
Cytoplasm- picks up H+ ions, attaches them to pyruvate, and sends to them Hydrogen ion shuttle.
Mitochondria- Enter the ETC and create ATP
What are two ways to stimulate Glut-4 activity?
Increased insulin secretion and exercise/ build-up of AMP kinase