Learning
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, what were the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response?
Unconditioned stimulus: food
Conditioned stimulus: metronome
Conditioned response: salivation to thee metronome
In classical conditioning, what naturally triggers an automatic response?
Unconditioned stimulus
What are the three memory systems?
Sensory, short-term, and long-term
What type of intelligence is defined as the accumulated knowledge of the world we gain over time?
Crystallized intelligence
What is the change in an organisms's behavior or thought as a result of experience?
Learning
What is the key difference between operant and classical conditioning in terms of how behaviors are learned?
Classical involves associating two stimuli, operant conditioning involves associating behavior with consequences
What form of operant conditioning is this: A teacher gives a student a gold star for turning in their homework on time. The gold star encourages the student to continue submitting their homework on time.
Positive reinforcement
What type of memory is he process of recalling information intentionally?
Explicit memory
True or false: Males tend to do better on spatial ability tests, like mental rotation and geography.
True
What is the process of responding to less stimuli over time?
Habituation
What principle explains how consequences shape behavior according to Thorndike?
Law of Effect
What form of operant conditioning is this: A student has a loud and annoying alarm that goes off every morning. The student learns that if they wake up and turn off the alarm quickly, the annoying noise stops.
Negative reinforcement
What is the gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation?
Long term potentiation
What is the main purpose of IQ testing?
Assessment of abilities
What is the long-term memory effect that is the tendency to remember stimuli presented earliest?
Primacy effect
Definition: Initial learning phase where the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned response is established
Acquisition
What type of operant conditioning is this: A teenager stays out past curfew, so their parents take away their car privileges for a week.
Negative punishment
Which type of interference happens when learning new information hampers memory for earlier learning?
Retroactive interference
Why is Binet's IQ ratio formula no longer used?
It is biased and not reliable
What is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory?
Encoding
A child is bitten by a large dog. Afterwards, they fear all dogs. What is this called?
Simulus generalization
What type of operant conditioning is this: A student talks back to the teacher in class, so the teacher gives them extra homework as a consequence.
Positive punishment
What did Elizabeth Loftus call a memory of an event that didn't actually happen or is distorted?
False memory
Why is Gardner's model of multiple intelligences challenged?
Undefined criteria for intelligences
How did IQ testing influence the Eugenics movement?
IQ testing led to forced sterilization and laws against certain groups.