States of Consciousness
What is waking consciousness?
Clear, organized, alert awareness
What stage is linked with vivid dreaming?
REM sleep
What is physical dependence?
Body adapts and needs drug to function
What is hypnosis?
State of heightened suggestibility
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Who is the father of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What is latent learning?
Learning not shown until reinforcement given
What is working memory?
Active system that processes STM
Give one example of an altered state of consciousness.
Daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis
What is sleep apnea?
Pauses in breathing during sleep
What is tolerance?
Needing more of a drug for same effect
What is meditation?
Focusing attention for relaxation or awareness
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the UCS?
Food
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding something pleasant to increase behavior
What is insight learning?
Sudden realization (‘aha’ moment)
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Semantic & episodic
Controlled vs. automatic processes: which requires more attention?
Controlled processes
What disorder is marked by sudden REM sleep attacks?
Narcolepsy
What is withdrawal?
Physical symptoms after stopping drug
What hypnosis myth is false?
You can’t be made to do things against your will
What was the CS in Pavlov’s experiment?
Bell
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior
What is learned helplessness?
Giving up after repeated failures
What is recall vs. recognition?
Recall = no cues; Recognition = with cues
Which brain waves dominate during relaxed wakefulness?
Alpha waves
Night terrors happen in what type of sleep?
Deep NREM (Stage 3)
Which drug class includes alcohol?
Depressants
What can hypnosis help with?
Pain control, habit reduction, relaxation
What is the CR in Pavlov’s experiment?
Salivation to bell
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning by seeing someone else reinforced
What is iconic memory?
Visual sensory memory
What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate?
Sleep–wake cycles
What theory suggests sleep keeps us safe at night?
Adaptive theory of sleep
Which drug class includes LSD?
Hallucinogens
What is dissociation theory of hypnosis?
Split between awareness and hidden observer
What is generalization?
Response spreads to similar stimuli
What is a primary reinforcer?
Naturally rewarding stimulus (food, water)
What process is modeling?
Imitating behavior of others
What is the curve of forgetting?
Ebbinghaus’s graph showing that forgetting happens rapidly right after learning, then levels off over time.
What brain waves increase during meditation?
Alpha and theta
How does Freud’s dream theory differ from activation–synthesis?
Freud: symbolic meaning; activation–synthesis: random brain activity
Which neurotransmitter is most involved in addiction?
Dopamine
What is social-cognitive theory of hypnosis?
Behavior shaped by role-playing and expectations
What is spontaneous recovery?
Reappearance of an extinguished response
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
Behavior stops when reinforcement is removed
What type of learning did Bandura show?
Observational learning
What is long-term potentiation?
Strengthening of neural connections