Chapter 3 Cell Structure & Function
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
What is it called when the plasma membrane only lets certain substances through, while blocking others?
Selective permeability
What 2 ways can an enzyme be denatured?
* High heat
* Low / high pH
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the name of the carbohydrate produced from photosynthesis?
Glucose
What are the 3 principles of cell theory?
* Cells come from preexisting cells
* All living things are made of one or more cells
* Cells are the basic unit of life for all living things
What are the 3 types of solution environments a cell can be in?
* Hypertonic solution
* Hypotonic solution
* Isotonic solution
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy can not be created nor destroyed only transfered
2. The total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases over time
What are the reactants in the cellular respiration equation?
Glucose & Oxygen
What 2 places does photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast?
Light dependent reactions --> thylakoid membrane
Calvin cycle reactions --> stroma
What 2 features do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don't?
* Membrane-bound organelles
* Nucleus
Which part of the phospholipids is hydrophobic and which part is hydrophyllic?
Hydrophobic tails, hydrophyllic head
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Endergonic- require input of energy & products have more free energy than reactants
Exergonic- release energy & products have less free energy than reactants
What are the 4 steps (in order) of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Preparatory reaction
3. Citric acid / Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain
What are the 3 types of photosynthetic pigments?
* Chlorophyll a
* Chlorophyll b
* Carotenoids
What is one type of microscope we learned during this unit?
Any of the following:
* Compound light microscope
* Dissecting microscope / Stereomicroscope
* Scanning electron microscope
* Transmission electron microscope
What are all the types of membrane transport
* Diffusion / Osmosis
* Facilitated transport
* Active transport
* Endocytosis
* Exocytosis
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Anabolism- building molecules
Catabolism- breaking down molecules
What is the TOTAL amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration?
36-38
What is the innermost membrane of a chloroplast?
Thylakoid membrane
Name and explain the steps of the mitochondria's and chloroplasts' origin in cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
1. Ancestral Prokaryote develops a cell membrane & nucleus
2. Aerobic & Photosynthetic bacteria are engulfed
3. Bacteria provide food (chloroplasts) and energy (mitochondria) to the host cell
4. Bacteria evolve with the host cell and become organelles
Which types of membrane transport require energy?
* Active transport
* Exocytosis
* Endocytosis
Energy of activation is the amount of energy needed to cause a reaction. Enzymes lower the energy of activaton.
What molecule is the final electron acceptor during cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What is the equation (with numbers) for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2