Ch. 19
What are the sound of heartbeats caused from? What is the lubb and the dupp specifically?
Caused from valve closure
Lubb- closing of AV valves
Dupp- closing of semilunar vavles
What is the process of growing new blood vessels called?
Angiogenesis
In lymphatic vessels, where do all vessels lead to?
The heart
When there is plaque found between the endothelium and smooth muscle, along with a smaller lumen, what is it called?
Atherosclerosis
What can T cells respond to?
Processed antigens only when bound to MHC molecules on the surface of another cell
During the depolarization of the ventricular contractile fibers, what is happening?
Fast voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rapidly enters the cell, then the channels close
What is the movement of material into interstitial fluid called? And what is it promoted by?
Filtration and it is promoted by blood hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure
Lymphatic vessels are found all over the body EXCEPT where?
Avascular tissue
What is hypertension AND what two numbers would be an indication of this?
Persistently high blood pressue
Systolic blood pressure > 140
Diastolic blood pressure > 90
In innate immunity, what are the THREE 2nd lines of defense (internal nonspecific defenses)
Cells, antimicrobial proteins, and processes
During the cardiac cycle, what are all events associated with?
One heartbeat
If we are inside the kidneys or small intestines, and we see proteins and molecules floating around, what type of capillaries are allowing this movement?
Fenestrated
What are the two primary organs involved in the lymphatic system?
Red bone marrow and the thymus
What is syncope?
Fainting or a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma, but due to reduced blood flow to the brain
What 3 things are unique about adaptive immunity vs. innate immunity?
Adaptive is learned, specific and has a memory
What is the amount of blood pushed into the aorta or pulmonary trunk by ventricle called?
Cardiac output
How would you calculate this?
What is the pull of water back into a tissue (into blood or interstitial fluid) by the tissues concentration of proteins?
Colloid osmotic pressure
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filtration, Surveillance (for foreign antigens), and Immune cell activation and proliferation (presents antigen to T and B cells)
What is the loss of pumping efficiency/ weaker heart called?
Congestive heart failure
In the life cycle of T and B cells, where is the maturation occuring?
In red bone marrow or the thymus
During early ventricular diastole, what valves are closed, and what are open?
Cardiac output
What is the function of the spleen? (name 2)
Filters blood, stores platelets, phagocytose microorganisms, DCs present Ag to T and B cells
What do dead while blood cells create on the skin?
Ulcers or abcesses
What type of antigens are inside body cells, (where CD8 and TC cells recognize Ag in MHC-1)
Endogenous antigens