Heart
The amount of blood that exits the heart per BEAT.
The amount of blood that exits the heart per MINUTE.
What is Stroke Volume (SV)?
What is Cardiac Output (CO)?
The degree of "stretch" that the myocardium endures when filling with blood.
What is preload?
What is:
Elastic Arteries, Muscular Arteries, Arterioles, Terminal Arterioles, (Precapillary Sphincter), Capillary, (Vascular Shunts), Postcapillary Venules and Veins?
Disease-causing microorganism
What is a pathogen?
Signal secreted in order to raise body temperature -- ultimately resulting in fever.
What are pyrogens?
this is functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself.
What is the coronary circulation?
This ion allows for a longer absolute refractory period (plateau phase) in the cardiac muscle cell's AP, preventing tetany.
What is calcium (Ca2+)?
The three different kinds of capillaries.
What are
Continuous Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoidal Capillaries
(BONUS: Where can these be found?)
These are the surface barriers of the innate immune system.
What are mucous membranes and skin (and their secretions)?
Turn into a macrophages, which are the chief phagocytic cells
What are monocytes?
What is a slow/leaky sodium (Na+) channel?
Which hormones DIRECTLY contribute to the increase in blood pressure?
Which hormone is responsible for lowering systemic BP?
What is angiotensin II, aldosterone, ADH, epinephrine/NE
What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
This is the pressure that propels blood to the tissues.
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? (MAP)
White blood cells that digest (eat) foreign invaders.
What is a phagocyte?
(BONUS: What are the two most important phagocytes in the innate immune system?)
Infected cells that "warn" healthy cells of infection
What are interferons?
State the order of excitation within the intrinsic conduction system.
What is SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, (R/L) Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers?
The amount of blood that fills the ventricles AFTER diastole and BEFORE systole
What is End Systolic Volume (ESV)?
What is End Diastolic Volume (EDV)?
These are the variables that contribute to Peripheral Resistance (R).
What is blood vessel length, blood viscosity, and blood vessel diameter?
BONUS: Which of these is the only variable that can change? How does it change?
Blood plasma has been pushed out of the capillary bed and into the tissues during bulk flow. What is this now called?
What results when an over-accumulation occurs?
What is interstitial fluid?
What is edema? (local swelling)
1. Phagocyte recognizes and
adheres to pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”
2. Cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome
4. Phagolysosome is acidified, and lysosomal enzymes digest particles
5. Indigestible and residual waste is exocytosed from phagocyte
What is phagocytosis?
Explain the effect that an increase of afterload would have on Stroke Volume (SV) and Cardiac Output (CO).
What is
Increased Afterload --- Decreased Contractility --- Increased ESV --- Decrease SV --- Decrease CO
Explain how the sympathetic nervous system can contribute to stroke volume(SV) & heart rate (HR), ultimately contributing to cardiac output (CO)?
What is an increase in HR (which decreases EDV)
an increase in contractility (which decreases ESV)
resulting in an unchanged SV (since both ESV and EDV decreased)
Increased HR and unchanged SV = Increased CO
In bulk flow, which pressure has a gradient, and which pressure remains constant?
For the gradient, which side of the capillary bed experiences higher pressure, allowing water molecules to be pushed out?
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary colloid osmotic pressure?
What is the arterial side?
The overall goal of activating the complement system
What is:
1. Opsonization
2. Inflammation enhancement
3. Phagocytosis promotion
4. Cause cell lysis
Neutrophils cling onto capillary wall as they approach the site of injury (where signal is strongest)
What is margination?