Chapter 5
Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in _________________
Operant Conditioning
What are the three steps in memory information processing, in the correct order?
Encoding, storage, retrieval.
________ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others.
Mental age
Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development occurs in middle adulthood?
generativity versus stagnation
When something that is "out of sight" for a child is also "out of mind," that child lacks the concept of
object permanence
________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
aversive conditioning
How long does information last in sensory memory?
a fraction of a second to several seconds
An all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience is called what?
intelligence
What cognitive limitation is the tendency of preoperational thinkers to view the world through their own experiences?
Egocentrism.
What is the strange situation task used to measure?
style of attachment
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called
positive reinforcement
The finding that it is easier to remember items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as...
the serial position effect.
The system of rules that determines how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are used to make sentences is called...
Syntax.
According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are
exploration and commitment.
What is infinite generativity in terms of language?
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences.
According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?
attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
George Miller found that short-term memory typically holds how many items?
7 ± 2 items.
According to________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to________ there are nine types of intelligence.
Sternberg's triarchic theory; Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
What is the chronological order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
punishments or rewards
In terms of the Pavlovian experiments, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
US: food
UR: salivation at the sight of food
CS: bell
CR: salivation to the sound of the bell
In the context of memory retrieval, ________ is described as a process in which people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same circumstances in which they learned it.
context-dependent memory
The smallest units of language that carry meaning are called...
Morphemes.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to think about things that are not concrete, to make predictions, and to use logic to come up with hypotheses about the future is attained during the________ stage.
formal operational
________ is people's tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I knew it all along effect."