Nervous System
The two primary divisions of the nervous system.
Central and Peripheral
This type of gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream (doesn't use ducts).
What is an endocrine gland?
This blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart.
What are arteries?
These thin, scroll-like bones create turbulent airflow and help warm, humidify, and filter inspired air.
What are turbinates?
This term describes the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes outside.
What is homeostasis?
This direction conducts impulses AWAY from the CNS and can be considered the motor system.
What is the Efferent direction
These cells in the pancreas release glucagon when blood glucose levels are low.
What are alpha cells?
These are the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost.
What are the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium?
This thin sheet of skeletal muscle forms the caudal boundary of the thorax and is the primary muscle used for inspiration by increasing thoracic and lung volume.
What is the diaphragm?
This type of respiration refers to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and the blood within the lungs.
What is external respiration?
These are the two subcategories of the autonomic nervous system and their descriptive titles/phrases.
What are the parasympathetic (rest and digest/replenish) and the sympathetic (fight or flight) nervous system?
Peptide hormones typically affect target cells through this type of intracellular signaling system.
What are second messenger systems?
This node is known for acting as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
What is the sinoatrial node?
This structure is the bifurcation point where the trachea divides in the left and right bronchi.
What is the carina?
These are the three connective tissue layers (dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater) that protect the brain and spinal cord.
What are the meninges?
This is the relation of mylein sheath diameter to signal speed.
What is the greater the diameter of the myelin sheath, the faster the signal?
The anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones are known by this term.
What are tropic hormones?
This phase of the cardiac cycle is when the ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart into the arteries.
What is systole?
This condition is due to the buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood which lowers blood oh.
What is respiratory acidosis?
This increases the speed of an action potential as the electrical impulse jumps across the nodes of Ranvier.
What is the saltatory conduction along myelinated axons?
These are the correct steps of neuron activation starting with the ions lining up along the membrane.
What is ions line up -> sodium channels open -> sodium moves along the gradient INTO the cell -> membrane potential has a positive charge (Depolarization) -> sodium channels shut, potassium channels open -> potassium moves along gradient OUT of cell (Repolarization) -> cell membrane in hyperpolarized state
These three zones make up the adrenal cortex from innermost to outermost.
What is zona reticularis -> zona fasciculata -> zona glomerulosa?
This is a description of the direction of blood flow through the heart using the valves and chambers as references.
What is the Right Atrium, through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle, through the Pulmonary Valve to the lungs, then into Left Atrium, through the Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle, through the Aortic Valve to the body.
This explains why pigs with atrophic rhinitis are more susceptible to lung infections and pneumonia.
What is damaged nasal turbinates reducing the pig's ability to filter/trap/remove pathogens from, as well as warm, the inhaled air before it reaches the lungs?
A rare side effect of a thyroidectomy is tetanic spasms caused by hypocalcemia. Which endocrine glands are accidentally removed during the procedure to cause this?
What are parathyroid glands?