Membrane Structure + Transport
This phrase explains the movement in active transport
"Against the concentration gradient"
Photosystems consist of these two structures
Photopigments (ex. chlorophyll b, carotenoids, etc.)
Reaction center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor
This structure transports pyruvate into the matrix in pyruvate oxidation
Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC)
More channels/carriers being inserted into the cell membrane is called this
"Increasing surface expression"
Photosynthesis occurs in these cells
Mesophyll cells
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from _______ solution across a membrane to ________ solution
Hypotonic → Hypertonic
Stomata consist of these type of cells that perform this function
Guard cells; change shape to open or close stomata for CO2 to enter and O2 to exit
These protein complexes also function as proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation
Protein Complexes I, III, and IV
The condition of high proton concentration in the intermembrane space is known as this
"Proton motive force"
Once electrons go through photosystem II, electrons travel to this protein complex next
Plastoquinone (Pq)
Phagocytosis: movement of food particles into the cell using a food vacuole
Pinocytosis: movement of small particles dissolved in ECF into the cell
Receptor mediated endocytosis: Use of specific ligands and receptors to bring in specific materials into the cell
Draw the Na+/K+ pump and describe how it works
The Na+/K+ pump simultaneously moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell using ATP as energy. This eventually creates a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of charges across the membrane
Glucose can also come from this process in the body
Breakdown of glycogen
Lactate dehydrogenase
The Calvin Cycle must occur twice due to this reason
Describe the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ antiporter.
The Na⁺-Ca²⁺ antiporter functions to transport Na⁺ by diffusion and Ca²⁺ against diffusion into the cell going in opposite directions
Glut4 is a channel protein that when fused to the plasma membrane by vesicles, allows glucose to enter the cell with its concentration gradient in the presence of insulin
This enzyme is used to convert 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
Enolase
Draw out and describe animal cells and plant cells in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions
In hypotonic solutions, animal cells experience cytolysis (cell bursting) and plant cells are turgid
In isotonic solutions, animal cells are normal and plant cells become flaccid
In hypertonic solutions, animal cells experience crenation and plant cells become plasmolyzed
Cyclic electron flow is used for these three purposes
Helps to keep the ATP:NADPH ratio balanced, allows plants to adapt to different conditions, and protects plants from excessive light.
Cholesterol serves this purpose in the animal plasma membrane
Cholesterol functions to regulate fluidity and the structure of the cell membrane in animals
What products do light reactions provide to the Calvin Cycle? Calvin cycle to light reactions?
Calvin Cycle provides NADP+, ADP, and Pi to light reactions
Light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin Cycle
What products and how many are made in the citric acid cycle?
Net production: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
What is the overall difference between C4 and CAM plant photosynthesis?
C4 plants have spatial separation of steps
CAM plants have temporal separation of steps (time of day)