Risk Factors & Biologic Equilibrium
This term describes a factor that increases susceptibility to periodontal disease by modifying the host response.
What is a risk factor?
A structured community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix and attached to a surface.
What is dental biofilm?
The primary function of this system is to protect the host from infection and disease.
What is the immune system?
This term describes the body’s reaction to bacterial challenge.
What is host response?
This systemic condition has a well-established bidirectional relationship with periodontal disease.
What is diabetes mellitus?
This is the direct cause of periodontal disease and must be present for the disease to occur.
What is dental biofilm?
This component of gram-negative bacteria contributes to inflammation and tissue destruction.
What is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
This type of immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate defense.
What is innate immunity?
These signaling molecules play a key role in regulating inflammation in periodontal disease.
What are cytokines?
This mineralized deposit contributes to plaque retention and periodontal disease.
What is calculus?
This term describes the balance between microbial challenge and host response in periodontal health.
What is biologic equilibrium?
This communication system allows bacteria to regulate gene expression in response to population density.
What is quorum sensing?
These proteins are produced by plasma cells and function to identify and neutralize antigens.
What are antibodies (immunoglobulins)?
These enzymes are responsible for collagen breakdown in periodontal tissues.
What are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)?
This habit alters the host response and reduces clinical signs of inflammation.
What is tobacco smoking?
A patient presents with heavy biofilm accumulation, a smoking history, and arthritis. Which factors are modifiable and which are non-modifiable?
What are smoking and heavy biofilm accumulation (modifiable) and systemic/genetic factors (non-modifiable)?
A patient uses antimicrobial rinses daily but still has persistent plaque accumulation. This is due to this structural feature of biofilm.
What is the extracellular matrix?
A patient presents with acute gingival inflammation. Neutrophils migrate to the site, engulf bacteria, and destroy them. What is this process known as?
What is phagocytosis?
A patient has increased RANKL and decreased OPG, resulting in increased osteoclast activity. This leads to this outcome.
What is alveolar bone resorption?
A patient with uncontrolled diabetes presents with increased periodontal destruction due to enhanced inflammatory response caused by this interaction.
What is AGE–RAGE interaction?
Two patients present with similar levels of plaque, but one has periodontitis while the other has gingivitis. One patient has diabetes and smokes. What concept best explains this difference in disease severity?
What is the influence of risk factors modifying the host response?
Early colonizers attach to the pellicle, followed by secondary colonizers binding to them, forming a mature biofilm. What is this process known as?
What is coaggregation during biofilm development?
A patient with periodontitis exhibits tissue destruction due to substances such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and histamine. What are these substances known as?
What are inflammatory mediators?
During disease progression, a patient transitions from gingivitis to periodontitis, showing increased plasma cells and connective tissue breakdown. What term represents this stage?
What is the periodontitis phase (advanced lesion)?
A patient with obesity presents with increased periodontal inflammation due to elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory burden. This involves the overproduction of these damaging molecules.
What are reactive oxygen species (ROS)?