Causality & Design
This type of assignment allows causal claims.
Random assignment
Participants improve simply from taking a test twice.
Testing effect
Statistic used in ANOVA to compare group variance.
F-ratio
This value shows how much variance is explained.
R2
A student highlights their notes without thinking about meaning and later forgets the material.
Shallow processing (from Levels of Processing Theory)
This condition requires that the cause comes before the effect.
Temporal precedence
External events influence results.
History
Test used after a significant ANOVA.
Post-hoc tests
Unstandardized regression coefficient.
B
A student creates their own examples and connects concepts to personal experiences, leading to better memory.
Deep processing (Levels of Processing Theory)
This type of design includes manipulation and control.
A true experiment
Participants drop out unevenly across groups.
Attrition
Assumption tested by Levene's test.
Homogeneity of variance
Standardized regression coefficient.
Beta
An employee feels motivated because they have freedom in how they complete tasks.
Autonomy (Self-Determination Theory)
This occurs when two variables are related.
Covariation
Behavior changes because participants know they're being observed.
The Hawthorne Effect
Error made when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Type 1 error
Variable that explains the relationship between X and Y.
Mediator
A student studies hard because they enjoy mastering challenging material and feeling capable.
Competence (Self-Determination Theory)
This condition rules out confounds.
Elimination of alternative explanations
Participants guess the study purpose and alter behavior.
Demand characteristics
Error rate across multiple comparisons.
Experimentwise alpha
Effect of X on Y through the mediator.
Indirect effect
A student performs better in a class because they feel connected to classmates and supported by the instructor.
Relatedness (Self-Determination Theory)